In Vivo Quantification of Protein Turnover in Aging C. Elegans using Photoconvertible Dendra2

Summary

Presented here is a protocol to monitor degradation of the protein huntingtin fused to the photoconvertible fluorophore Dendra2.

Abstract

Proteins are synthesized and degraded constantly within a cell to maintain homeostasis. Being able to monitor the degradation of a protein of interest is key to understanding not only its life cycle, but also to uncover imbalances in the proteostasis network. This method shows how to track the degradation of the disease-causing protein huntingtin. Two versions of huntingtin fused to Dendra2 are expressed in the C. elegans nervous system: a physiological version or one with an expanded and pathogenic stretch of glutamines. Dendra2 is a photoconvertible fluorescent protein; upon a short ultraviolet (UV) irradiation pulse, Dendra2 switches its excitation/emission spectra from green to red. Similar to a pulse-chase experiment, the turnover of the converted red-Dendra2 can be monitored and quantified, regardless of the interference from newly synthesized green-Dendra2. Using confocal-based microscopy and due to the optical transparency of C. elegans, it is possible to monitor and quantify the degradation of huntingtin-Dendra2 in a living, aging organism. Neuronal huntingtin-Dendra2 is partially degraded soon after conversion and cleared further over time. The systems controlling degradation are deficient in the presence of mutant huntingtin and are further impaired with aging. Neuronal subtypes within the same nervous system exhibit different turnover capacities for huntingtin-Dendra2. Overall, monitoring any protein of interest fused to Dendra2 can provide important information not only on its degradation and the players of the proteostasis network involved, but also on its location, trafficking, and transport.

Introduction

The proteome of a living organism is constantly renewing itself. Proteins are continuously degraded and synthesized according to the physiological demand of a cell. Some proteins are quickly eliminated, whereas others are longer lived. Monitoring protein dynamics is a simpler, more accurate, and less invasive task when using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs). FPs form autocatalytically and can be fused to any protein of interest (POI), but do not require enzymes to fold or need cofactors save for oxygen¹. A newer generation of FPs has recently been engineered to switch color upon irradiation with a light pulse of determined wavelen....

Protocol

1. Generation of  C. elegans expressing neuronal Huntingtin-Dendra2 fusion protein

1. Clone the gene encoding the POI in a nematode expression vector (i.e., pPD95_75, Addgene #1494), by traditional restriction enzyme digest¹⁰, Gibson assembly¹¹, or any method of choice. Insert a promoter to drive expression in a desired tissue or at a desired developmental stage. Insert the Dendra2 fluorophore either N- or C-terminally in frame with the POI.
2. Generate transgenic C. elegans expressing the fusion construct (e.g., via microinjection)¹².
   NOTE: The p....

Results

Two nematode strains expressing the huntingtin exon-1 protein fragment in frame with the photoconvertible protein Dendra2 were obtained via microinjection and the plasmids were kept as an extrachromosomal array. The fusion construct was expressed in the whole C. elegans nervous system from development throughout aging. Here, HTT-D2 contained either the physiological 25 polyglutamine stretch (HTTQ25-D2, Figure 1A) or a fully penetrant.......

Discussion

To comprehend a protein's function it is important to understand its synthesis, location, and degradation. With the development of novel, stable, and bright FPs, visualizing and monitoring POIs has become easier and more efficient. Genetically expressed fusion PAFPs such as Dendra2 are uniquely positioned to study the stability of a POI. Upon exposure to purple-blue light, Dendra2 breaks at a precise location within a triad of conserved amino acids. The fluorophore undergoes a small structural change, resulting in a .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Agar-Agar Kobe I	Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG	5210.2	NGM component
Agarose, Universal Grade	Bio & Sell GmbH	BS20.46.500	Mounting slide component
BD Bacto Peptone	BD-Bionsciences	211677	NGM component
Deckgläser-18x18mm	Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG	0657.2	Cover slips
EC Plan-Neufluar 20x/0.50 Ph2 M27	Carl Zeiss AG		Objective
Fiji/ImageJ 1.52p	NIH		Analysis Software
Levamisole Hydrochloride	AppliChem GmbH	A4341	Anesthetic
LSM710-ConfoCor3	Carl Zeiss AG		Laser Scanning Confocal Micoscope
Mounting stereomicroscope	Leica Camera AG		Mounting microscope
neuronal-HTTQ25-Dendra2	this paper		C. elegans strain
neuronal-HTTQ97-Dendra2	this paper		C. elegans strain
OP50 Escherichia coli	CAENORHABDITIS GENETICS CENTER (CGC)	OP50	Nematode food source
Sodium Chloride	Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG	3957.2	NGM component
Standard-Objektträger	Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG	0656.1	Glass slides
ZEN2010 B SP1	Carl Zeiss AG		Confocal acquisition software