Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

Summary

The present protocol describes a single-cell method for iterative epigenomic analyses using a reusable single cell. The reusable single cell allows analyses of multiple epigenetic marks in the same single cell and statistical validation of the results.

Abstract

Current single-cell epigenome analyses are designed for single use. The cell is discarded after a single use, preventing analysis of multiple epigenetic marks in a single cell and requiring data from other cells to distinguish signal from experimental background noise in a single cell. This paper describes a method to reuse the same single cell for iterative epigenomic analyses.

In this experimental method, cellular proteins are first anchored to a polyacrylamide polymer instead of crosslinking them to protein and DNA, alleviating structural bias. This critical step allows repeated experiments with the same single cell. Next, a random primer with a scaffold sequence for proximity ligation is annealed to the genomic DNA, and the genomic sequence is added to the primer by extension using a DNA polymerase. Subsequently, an antibody against an epigenetic marker and control IgG, each labeled with different DNA probes, are bound to the respective targets in the same single cell.

Proximity ligation is induced between the random primer and the antibody by adding a connector DNA with complementary sequences to the scaffold sequence of the random primer and the antibody-DNA probe. This approach integrates antibody information and nearby genome sequences in a single DNA product of proximity ligation. By enabling repeated experiments with the same single cell, this method allows an increase in data density from a rare cell and statistical analysis using only IgG and antibody data from the same cell. The reusable single cells prepared by this method can be stored for at least a few months and reused later to broaden epigenetic characterization and increase data density. This method provides flexibility to researchers and their projects.

Introduction

Single-cell technology is entering the era of single-cell multiomics, which integrates individual single-cell omics technologies¹. Recently, single-cell transcriptomics has been combined with methods for detecting chromatin accessibility (scNMT-seq² and SHARE-seq³) or histone modifications (Paired-seq⁴ and Paired-Tag⁵). More recently, single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics were integrated with chromatin accessibility (DOGMA-seq⁶). These methods use transposase-based tagging for detecting chromatin accessibility or histone modifications.

Transposase-based approaches cleave genomic DNA and add a DNA barcode at the end of the genomic DNA fragment. Each cleaved genomic fragment can only accept up to two DNA barcodes (= one epigenetic mark per cleavage site), and the genomic DNA at the cleavage site is lost. Therefore, cleavage-based approaches have a trade-off between the number of epigenetic marks tested and the signal density. This hampers the analysis of multiple epigenetic marks in the same single cell. A single-cell epigenomic method that does not cleave the genomic DNA was developed to overcome this issue^7,8.

In addition to the cleavage-derived issue mentioned above, transposase-based approaches have other limitations. In single-cell epigenome analysis, it is critical to know the location of histones and DNA-associated proteins on the genome. In current approaches, this is accomplished by using unfixed single cells and retention of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. However, this generates strong bias to accessible chromatin regions, even in the analysis of histone modifications ⁹. The location of histones and genome-associated proteins on the genome can be preserved without crosslinking protein-DNA and protein-protein, using a polyacrylamide scaffold^7,8. This approach reduces the structural bias observed in current approaches that depend upon protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions.

Transposase-based approaches can acquire signals only once from a single cell. Therefore, it is difficult to delineate the complete epigenome of a single cell due to the drop-off of the signals. Reusable single cells have been developed to overcome current limitations by allowing iterative epigenomic analysis in the same single cell.

Protocol

NOTE: A schematic representation of the method is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the protocol workflow. Steps 7.2-13 are explained through schematic representations. Each row indicates a step in the protocol. A cellular protein colored in green is a human nucleosome generated based on a crystal structure (PDB: 6M4G). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

1. Equilibration of desalting columns

NOTE: Desalting spin columns are equilibrated as described in the following steps. The equilibrated desalting columns are used in steps 2.1, 3.4, and 4.6.

1. Remove the bottom closure of a desalting column (7 kDa cut-off, 0.5 mL resin bead volume, see the Table of Materials) and loosen the cap at the top of the desalting column.
2. Place the column in a 1.5 mL protein low-binding tube (a collection tube, see the Table of Materials) and centrifuge at 1,500 × g for 1 min at room temperature to remove the storage solution in the column.
   NOTE: Use a swing rotor centrifuge to flatten the top of the bead bed.
3. Remove the flowthrough in the 1.5 mL tube and add 300 µL of 150 mM NaCl/100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 (see Table 1), on top of the resin bed.
4. Centrifuge at 1,500 × g for 1 min at room temperature and remove the flowthrough in the collection tube.
5. Repeat steps 1.3-1.4 three additional times.
6. Discard the buffer from the collection tube and place the column in a new collection tube.
7. Use the equilibrated desalting column in steps 2.1, 3.4, and 4.4.

2. Buffer exchange of antibodies

NOTE: Remove glycerol, arginine, and sodium azide from anti-H3K27ac¹⁰, anti-H3K27me3¹⁰, anti-Med1¹¹, and anti-Pol II¹⁰ (see buffer composition shown in Table 1). All following procedures are performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 1 h

1. Apply the antibody solution (100 µL, see Table 2) to an equilibrated desalting column prepared following step 1.
2. Centrifuge at 1,500 × g for 2 min at 4 °C and transfer the flowthrough from the collection tube to a 1.5 mL protein low-binding tube.
3. Measure the IgG concentration using absorbance at 280 nm¹² (use a microvolume spectrophotometer).
4. Transfer the antibody solution to an ultrafiltration cassette (molecular weight cut-off 100 kDa, 0.5 mL, see the Table of Materials) and centrifuge at 12,000 × g for 5 min at 4 °C.
5. Measure the IgG concentration using the absorbance at 280 nm.
6. Repeat steps 2.4-2.5 until the IgG concentration reaches 1 mg/mL.

3. Antibody activation

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 2.5 h

1. Dissolve 1 mg of succinimidyl 6-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (S-HyNic, see the Table of Materials) with 100 µL of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, see the Table of Materials).
   NOTE: DMF is a flammable organic solvent and a potent liver toxin absorbed through the skin. Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat. Follow the institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.
2. Add 0.6 µL of S-HyNic/DMF to 100 µL of the antibody solution (1 mg/mL in 150 mM NaCl/100 mM Sodium phosphate, pH8.0. See Table 2 for the used antibodies and control IgG.
3. Incubate at room temperature for 2 h (protecting from light).
4. Apply 100 µL of S-HyNic-reacted antibody to the top of the equilibrated desalting column (see step 1) and centrifuge at 1,500 × g for 2 min at 4 °C to collect the sample.
5. Discard the desalting column after use.
   NOTE: The stability of HyNic groups on proteins and other biomolecules varies. It is recommended to conjugate HyNic-modified biomolecules immediately.

4. Activation of DNA probe

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 2.5 h

1. Dissolve a pellet of an amine-modified DNA probe for antibody or control IgG (Antibody Probe, Table 3) with 20 µL of 150 mM NaCl/100 mM Sodium Phosphate buffer, pH 8.0.
   NOTE: Look for a thin, transparent pellet/film at the bottom of the tube. Apply the buffer directly to the pellet. If the pellet is not visible, the pellet may have detached and adhered to the wall or the lid. In this case, centrifuge the tube and look for a pellet at the bottom of the tube.
2. Dissolve 1 mg of succinimidyl 4-formylbenzoate (S-4FB, see the Table of Materials) with 50 µL of anhydrous DMF, and add 10 µL of DMF to the dissolved Antibody Probe.
3. Add 4 µL of S-4FB/DMF prepared in step 4.2, mix, and incubate at room temperature for 2 h (protecting from light).
4. Apply 34 µL of S-4FB-reacted Antibody Probe to the top of the equilibrated desalting column (see step 1).
5. Apply 15 µL of 150 mM NaCl/100 mM Sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, to the top of the gel bed after the sample has been fully absorbed, and centrifuge at 1,500 × g for 2 min at 4 °C to collect the S-4FB-modified Antibody Probe.
6. Use the flowthrough for the subsequent conjugation; measure the absorbance at 260 nm; and calculate the recovery rate of the Antibody Probe.

5. Conjugation of S-HyNic-modified antibody and S-4FB-modified Antibody Probe

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 2 h

1. Mix the S-HyNic-modified antibody and the S-4FB-modified Antibody Probe, and pipette the solution up and down to mix.
2. Incubate for 2 h at room temperature (protecting from light).
3. To quench the reaction, add 478.8 µL of Quenching & Storage solution (see Table 1).
4. Transfer the Antibody Probe-conjugated antibody solution to an ultrafiltration cassette (molecular weight cut-off 100 kDa).
5. Centrifuge for 5 min at 12,000 × g, 4 °C.
6. Check the volume of the solution inside the cassette by pipetting.
7. Repeat steps 5.5-5.6 until the volume reaches 100 µL and store at -20 °C.
   NOTE: IgG concentration is measured by sandwich ELISA^13,14,15 using an IgG standard.

6. Preparation of core magnetic beads

NOTE: In this method, a single cell is embedded into a bilayered acrylamide bead (see Figure 2). The core is a magnetic polyacrylamide bead. The outer layer is polyacrylamide alone. The core magnetic beads are generated in this section. This section is not essential for the experiment. Time: 3 h

Figure 2: Structure of a bilayered polyacrylamide bead for visibility and easy handling in REpi-seq experiments. (A) Magnetic nanoparticles from step 6.6 after centrifugation. The magnetic nanoparticles are modified with monomeric acrylamide and integrated into the polyacrylamide magnetic bead shown in B.(B) Schematic representation of a reusable single cell with a polyacrylamide magnetic bead. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

1. Mix 50 µL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 8.5, and 450 µL of 40% acrylamide solution.
   NOTE: Acrylamide is a neurotoxin. Wear gloves, an eye protector, and a lab coat. Follow the institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.
2. Suspend 1 g of NHS ester-functionalized 30 nm of iron oxide powder (see the Table of Materials) in the acrylamide/sodium bicarbonate buffer and incubate at 4 °C overnight.
   NOTE: Because acrylamide beads are transparent, it may be difficult to see and manipulate the position of the beads. The inclusion of a core bead made of iron oxide improves visibility and facilitates manipulation because the position of the beads can be controlled using a magnet. However, if users are familiar with the REpi-seq experiments, use of the core magnetic polyacrylamide beads can be skipped.
3. Transfer the nanobead suspension into 2 tubes (1.5 mL), centrifuge at 21,300 × g for 1 h (use an angled rotor) at 4 °C, and remove the supernatant.
4. Suspend the bottom slurry with 1 mL of 40% Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide (19:1, see the Table of Materials).
   NOTE: Bis-acrylamide is a neurotoxin. Wear gloves and a lab coat. Follow the institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.
5. Centrifuge at 21,300 × g for 1 h (use an angled rotor) at 4 °C.
6. Centrifuge at 5,000 × g for 30 min (use a swing rotor without a brake) at 4 °C.
7. Remove the supernatant using a P1000 pipette with slow-speed aspiration.
8. Adjust the volume to 400 µL of 40% Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide (19:1, see the Table of Materials).
9. Add 25 µL of 10% ammonium persulfate solution (see Table 1).
   NOTE: Ammonium persulfate is a strong oxidizing agent. Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may irritate the eye, nose, throat, lung, and skin upon contact. Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat. Follow the institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.
10. To generate core magnetic polyacrylamide beads, transfer 0.5 µL of the acrylamide-modified iron oxide suspension to a PCR tube.
11. Add 50 µL of 4% N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine/mineral oil (TEMED, see Table 1) and incubate overnight at room temperature.
    NOTE: TEMED is a flammable solvent. Work under a hood. Do not inhale. Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces, and sources of ignition. Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat. Follow the institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.

7. Modifying the amino group of cellular proteins with monomer acrylamide

NOTE: REpi-seq was designed to analyze the epigenome of mouse and human cells at the single-cell level. Each step must be optimized when using this method on cells of species other than mouse or human.

1. Harvesting the cells
   NOTE: Time: 30 min
   1. Measure the cell concentration and viability using a cell counter (see the Table of Materials).
      NOTE: The viability of the cells at this step affects how many cells are live cells in the data analysis.
   2. Adjust the cell concentration to 1 × 10⁵ cells/mL with culture medium (*) containing 10% fetal bovine serum.
      NOTE: *Culture medium is an optimal culture medium for the cells of interest.
   3. Transfer 1 mL of the cell suspension to a 1.5 mL tube.
   4. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 240 × g for 5 min at 4 °C and remove the supernatant.
   5. Add 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), mix the cells by gentle pipetting, and centrifuge the cell suspension at 240 × g for 5 min at 4 °C.
   6. Remove the supernatant.
      NOTE: All the above steps should be performed in a laminar flow clean hood to prevent contamination.
2. Modifying the amino group of cellular proteins with monomeric acrylamide
   NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 1.5 h
   1. Add 1 mL of Amino Group Modification solution (see Table 1) to the cell pellet and suspend the cell pellet by gentle pipetting.
   2. Incubate the tube on ice for 1 h and centrifuge the cell suspension at 240 × g for 5 min at 4 °C.
   3. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the cells with 100 mL of 4% acrylamide/1 mM EDTA/PBS containing an intercalator dye for DNA (see Table 1, 1 cell/µL).

8. Preparation of reusable single cells

1. Preparation of reusable single cells (manual version)
   NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 9 h/96 cells
   1. Mix 1 mL of the cell suspension (1 cell/µL) and 199 mL of 1 mM EDTA/PBS containing an intercalator dye for DNA (see Table 1).
   2. Transfer 200 µL of the cell suspension to each well of flat-bottom 96-well plates (total 10 plates, see the Table of Materials).
   3. Put the cover onto the 96-well plate and scan the 10 plates using a scanning microscope (see the Table of Materials) to identify wells containing a single cell.
   4. Transfer the contents of the well containing a single cell to a PCR tube.
      1. Tilt the plate (toward the operator), and wait for a few minutes until the single cell has sunk to the lower edge of the well.
      2. Place the pipette tip on the bottom corner and transfer the single cell and the buffer (aspirate 210 µL/well = 200 µL of buffer + 10 µL of air) to a PCR tube.
         NOTE: Be sure to use a P200 low-retention tip.
      3. Check the well using a fluorescence microscope to confirm the transfer.
      4. If a single cell is still in the well, add 200 µL/well of 1 mM EDTA/PBS containing an intercalator dye for DNA.
      5. Then, repeat the transfer.
   5. Centrifuge the PCR tube at 240 × g for 5 min at 4 °C using a swing rotor without brake.
      NOTE: Braking causes a swirling flow of water in the tube, which disrupts the precipitation of the single cell. When centrifuging with a swinging rotor without brake, the single cell will always sink to the bottom of the tube. However, if an angled rotor is used, the single cell attaches to the sidewall of the PCR tube and could be lost.
   6. Remove 195 µL of the supernatant with a very slow pipetting speed.
   7. Add 195 µL/tube of Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide/APS solution (see Table 1).
   8. Centrifuge the PCR tube at 240 × g for 5 min at 4 °C using a swing rotor without brake.
   9. Remove 195 µL of the supernatant with very slow pipetting speed.
   10. Transfer the bottom 3 µL to the PCR tube containing 4% TEMED/mineral oil and a magnetic polyacrylamide bead (generated in step 6).
       NOTE: Be sure to use a P10 low-retention tip. Dispense the cell near the magnetic polyacrylamide bead. In the mineral oil, the liquid containing the single cell adheres to the surface of the magnetic polyacrylamide bead by surface tension.
   11. Incubate overnight at room temperature.
       NOTE: This process generates a bilayer acrylamide gel bead. The core is a magnetic gel bead. The outer layer is polyacrylamide gel containing a single cell. The single cell is embedded in the outer layer of the gel. Safe stopping point: After washing the reusable single cells with 50% glycerol/1 mM EDTA/0.05% Tween 20/0.5% BSA/TBS buffer, the reusable single cells can be stored at -20 °C for up to 6 months.
2. Preparation of reusable single cells (semiautomated version)
   NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 3 h/96 cells
   1. Mix 1 mL of cell suspension (1 cell/µL) and 199 mL of 1 mM EDTA/PBS containing an intercalator dye for DNA (see Table 1).
   2. Transfer 200 µL of the cell suspension to each well of a 4 nL nanowell plate (see Figure 3 and the Table of Materials) and place the 4 nL nanowell plate on an automated single-cell-picking robot (see the Table of Materials).
   3. Place a 96-well PCR plate as a destination plate on the automated single-cell-picking robot. Ensure that each well contains 200 µL/well Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide/APS solution (see Table 1).
   4. Transfer a single cell from a 4 nL nanowell to a well of the 96-well PCR plate (see Supplemental Video S1).
   5. Put a cover on top of the 96-well PCR plate and centrifuge the 96-well plate at 240 × g for 5 min at 4 °C using a swing rotor without a brake.
   6. Place the 96-well PCR plate on the deck of an automatic liquid-handling robot (see the Table of Materials, Figure 4, and Supplemental Code 1).
   7. Drag and drop the Supplemental Code 1 to the software window (see the Table of Materials) of the liquid-handling robot.
   8. Run the program on the automatic liquid-handling robot (see Supplemental Video S2 and Supplemental Video S3).
      1. Remove 195 µL of the supernatant with a very slow pipetting speed.
      2. Add 50 µL of 4% TEMED/mineral oil.
         NOTE: Steps 8.2.8.1-8.2.8.2 can be performed by manual pipetting.
   9. Incubate overnight at room temperature (Figure 5). Safe stopping point: After washing the reusable single cells with 50% glycerol/1 mM EDTA/0.05% Tween 20/0.5% BSA/TBS buffer, store the reusable single cells at -20 °C for up to 6 months.

Figure 3: Automatic single-cell picking and transfer into a 96-well PCR plate in step 8.2. (A) Overview of a single cell-picking system. A single cell-picking robot is in a laminar flow clean hood to avoid contamination. (B) A 24-well plate with 4 nL nanowells inside the well. (C) Cell distribution in a well from the 24-well plate. Green dots are cells identified as a single cell in each 4 nL nanowell. Magenta dots are cells identified as doublets or multiplets of cells. (D) Brightfield image of the well in the 24-well plate. A green square is a 4 nL nanowell containing a single cell. A magenta square is a 4 nL nanowell containing multiple cells. (E) Magnified field of some 4 nL nanowells. Bright dots are single cells in 4 nL nanowells. The single cell-picking system identifies nanowells containing a single cell by acquiring brightfield and fluorescence images of cells with DAPI staining. Identified single cells are transferred from the 4 nL nanowell to a well of a 96-well PCR plate. Scale bars = 2 mm (C, D), 100 µm (E). Abbreviation = DAPI = 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4: Generating reusable single cells using a liquid-handling robot. (A) A deck of the liquid-handling robot. The deck has 11 slots for pipette tip racks (P300 tip: Slots 1-3, P20 tip: Slots 5-6), 2 mL deep-well 96-well plate (Slot 4), two 96-well PCR plates containing a single cell per well (Slots 7 and 10), and two flat-bottom 96-well plates for liquid waste (Slots 8 and 11). (B) The deck after placing the labware. (C) Schematic representation of robotic pipetting in step 8.8.1. The program removes the supernatant without aspirating a single cell from the bottom of the 96-well PCR plate. (D) Reusable single cells generated using the Supplemental Code 1. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

9. Random primer annealing and extension

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Asterisks (*) at the following steps indicate that a magnetic separator can be used to control the position of the polyacrylamide beads containing a reusable single cell in the tube. However, the use of the magnetic separator is not essential. By moving down the pipette tip slowly along the wall of the tube, the beads are pushed up for washing or buffer exchange. Time: 9 h

1. Remove the mineral oil by pipetting(*) and wash (*) 5 times with 200 µL of 1x TP Mg(-) buffer (dilute 10x TP Mg(-) buffer to 1x buffer with ultrapure water, see Table 1).
2. Remove the supernatant (*) and add 15 µL of Annealing buffer (see Table 1).
3. Incubate for 1 h on ice.
   NOTE: The purpose of this incubation is to permeabilize the plasma and nuclear membranes and deliver the random primer to the cell nucleus.
4. Place the PCR tubes on a thermal cycler and heat at 94 °C for 3 min.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is approximately 20 µL, including the volume of the polyacrylamide bead. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C.
5. Transfer the tubes to an ice-cooled metal block and incubate for 2 min.
6. Add 4 µL of MgSO₄/NaCl/dNTP mix (see Table 1) and mix with a vortex mixer at a medium speed.
7. Add 1 µL of Bst polymerase, large fragment (see the Table of Materials) and mix by using a vortex mixer at a medium speed.
8. Incubate for 4 h on a shaker (600 rpm at 4 °C).
   NOTE: The purpose of this incubation is to deliver the Bst polymerase to the cell nucleus.
9. Place the PCR tube on a thermal cycler and run one of the following programs.
   1. Run a 4 h program: 10 °C for 30 min, 20 °C for 30 min, and 25 °C for 180 min.
   2. Alternatively, run an overnight program: 4 °C for 4 h, 10 °C for 2 h, 20 °C for 2 h, 25 °C for 4 h, and hold at 4 °C.
      NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is approximately 25 µL, including the volume of the polyacrylamide bead. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C. Safe stopping point: Stop the experiment here for up to 1 day by storing the reusable single cells at 4 °C.

10. Antibody binding

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 1.5 h

1. Add 1.625 µL of NaCl/EDTA/BSA solution (see Table 1) and mix by vortexing at low speed.
   NOTE: This step aims to 1) facilitate chelation of Mg²⁺ by EDTA, 2) stabilize the binding of the extended 1^st random primer by 300 mM NaCl, and 3) block nonspecific binding of antibodies using bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the subsequent reaction.
2. Incubate for 1 h on ice and add 0.1 µg/mL each of antibody and control IgG conjugated with Antibody Probe (prepared in step 5).
3. Incubate overnight on ice with gentle shaking on a shaker.

11. Proximity ligation of antibody probe and proximally extended random primer

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Asterisks (*) in the following steps indicate where a magnetic separator can be used to control the position of polyacrylamide beads containing a reusable single cell in the tube. However, the use of the magnetic separator is not essential. By moving down the pipette tip slowly along the wall of the tube, the beads can be pushed up for washing or buffer exchange. Time: 6 h

1. Wash (*) twice with 200 µL of 1x TPM-T buffer (20 min incubation in each wash) on ice. Dilute 10x TPM-T buffer (Tris-HCl/Potassium chloride/Magnesium sulfate/Triton X-100) to 1x with ultrapure water ).
2. Remove (*) the supernatant and wash (*) once with 1x T4 DNA ligase buffer (see the Table of Materials).
3. Remove (*) the supernatant and add 19 µL of Ligation Adapter Solution (see Table 1).
4. Incubate for 1 h at 25 °C.
5. Add 1 µL T4 DNA ligase (see the Table of Materials) and mix the tube on a vortex mixer at medium speed.
6. Place the tube on a thermal cycler and run the following program: proximity ligation program, 4 h at 16 °C and 30 min at 25 °C.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is approximately 25 µL, including the volume of the polyacrylamide bead. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is room temperature.
7. Wash (*) twice briefly with 200 µL of 1x Bst Mg(-) EDTA(+) buffer (see Table 1; prepare 1x buffer from 10x stock buffer) and store the cell at 4 °C, overnight. Safe stopping point: Stop the experiment here for up to 1 day by storing the reusable single cells at 4 °C.

12. Full extension of the 1st random primer

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 4.5 h

1. Wash twice with 200 µL 1x Bst Mg(-) EDTA(-) buffer (see Table 1, prepare 1x buffer from 10x stock buffer), remove the supernatant, and add 20 µL of Bst/dNTPs/MgSO₄ mixture (see Table 1).
2. Mix with a vortex mixer at medium speed and incubate for 4 h on an orbital shaker (at 6 °C and 500 rpm).
3. Place the tube on a thermal cycler and run the following program: full-extension program: 10 °C for 1 h, 20 °C for 1 h, 30 °C for 1 h, 40 °C for 1 h, 50 °C for 1 h, 65 °C for 1 h, 94 °C for 10 min, and hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: Safe stopping point: The experiment can be stopped here for up to 1 day by storing the reusable single cells at 4 °C.

13. Multiple displacement amplification

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 2.5 h (steps 13.1-13.2) + 15 min (steps 13.3-13.4) + 1 day (steps 13.5-13.10)

1. Add 0.4 µL of 100 µM 2^nd random primer (see Table 3) and mix with a vortex mixer at medium speed.
2. Incubate for 2 h at 6 °C and 500 rpm on an orbital shaker, and place the tube on a thermal cycler and heat at 94 °C for 3 min.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is approximately 25.4 µL, including the volume of the polyacrylamide bead. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C.
3. Place the tubes in an ice-cooled metal block and add 1 µL/tube of Bst DNA polymerase.
4. Vortex at slow speed, place the tubes on a thermal cycler, and run the following program:
   4 °C for 4 h, 10 °C for 30 min, 20 °C for 30 min, 30 °C for 30 min, 40 °C for 30 min, 50 °C for 30 min, 65 °C for 60 min, 94 °C for 3 min, and hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is approximately 26.4 µL, including the volume of the polyacrylamide bead. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C. Safe stopping point: Stop the experiment here for up to 1 day by storing the reusable single cells at 4 °C.
5. Collect the supernatant (approximately 20 µL), and transfer it to a PCR tube.
6. Store the collected supernatant at -80 °C.
7. Add 20 µL/tube of 0.05% Tween 20/0.1x TE buffer to a PCR tube containing the reusable single cell (see Table 1) and incubate the reusable single cell at 4 °C, overnight. Safe stopping point: Stop the experiment here for a few days by extending the incubation time.
8. Collect the supernatant and combine the supernatant with the sample collected at step 13.5.
9. Repeat steps 13.7-13.8 once more. Soak the reusable single cell in 50% glycerol/5 mM EDTA/0.5% BSA/0.05% Tween20/TBS buffer and incubate it for 30 min on an orbital shaker (4 °C, 600 rpm). Store the reusable single cell at -20 °C until the next experiment.
10. Add 40 µL of Exo^- master mix (see Table 1) and place the tube on a thermal cycler and run the following program: i) 95 °C for 5 min, ii) 95 °C for 30 s, iii) 60 °C 30 s, iv) 72 °C for 30 s, v) repeat steps ii-iv 19 times, vi) 72 °C for 5 min, vii) hold at 4 °C.
    NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is approximately 45 µL, including the volume of the polyacrylamide bead. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C. Safe stopping point: The experiment can be stopped here for at least a few days by storing the sample at -80 °C.

14. Phenol-chloroform purification and polyethylene glycol precipitation

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 1.5 h

1. Transfer the product to a 0.5 mL DNA low-binding tube and add 100 µL of Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol.
   NOTE: Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol causes irritation and possibly burns by contact. Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat. Use only with adequate ventilation, or wear an appropriate respirator. Follow the institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.
2. Shake for 30 s by hand and centrifuge at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C.
3. Collect the aqueous phase (80 µL) into a 0.5 mL DNA low-binding tube, and add 40.84 µL/tube of Linear acrylamide/MgCl₂ mixture (see Table 1).
4. Add 47.06 µL/tube of 50% (w/v) PEG8000 (RNase-free) and mix by pipetting.
5. Incubate for 20 min at room temperature and centrifuge at 240 × g for 10 min at room temperature.
6. Remove the supernatant and add 400 µL/tube of 80% ethanol (EtOH).
7. Wash with 80% EtOH, remove the supernatant using an aspirator, and air-dry the pellet.
8. Suspend the pellet with 20 µL of 1 mM EDTA/10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 buffer, and store the solution at -80 °C.
   NOTE: Measure the DNA concentration using a double-stranded DNA-specific intercalator dye (see the Table of Materials). Safe stopping point: The experiment can safely be stopped here for at least a week.

15. In vitro transcription

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase and RNase contamination. Time: 5 h

1. Thaw DNA of single cell-derived products (from step 14) and prepare a mixed library of single cell-derived products by mixing 2 µL/cell of the DNA products (total volume 20 µL).
2. Add 26 µL of In vitro transcription master mix (see the Table of Materials and the manufacturer's protocol) and mix by pipetting.
3. Place the PCR tube on a thermal cycler and incubate for 4 h at 37 °C.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is 46 µL. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C.
4. Add 5 µL of 10x DNase I buffer (see the Table of Materials) and add 4 µL of DNase I (RNase-free, 4 U, see the Table of Materials).
5. Mix and incubate for 15 min at 37 °C, and transfer the sample to a 0.5 mL tube.
6. Add 300 µL/tube of Guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform (see the Table of Materials) and mix by gentle vortexing.
   NOTE: Guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform can lead to serious chemical burns by contact. Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat. Use only with adequate ventilation or wear an appropriate respirator. Follow institutional safety guidelines. Discard the used labware according to the institutional guidelines.
7. Incubate for 5 min at R.T. on a shaker and then store samples at -80 °C for up to 3 days.
   NOTE: Safe stopping point: The experiment can safely be stopped here for up to 3 days.

16. RNA purification

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase and RNase contamination. Time: 2 h

1. Add 80 µL/tube of chloroform to the sample from step 15.7 and shake the tube vigorously by hand for 15 s.
2. Incubate for 2-15 min at room temperature and centrifuge the sample at 12,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C.
3. Collect and transfer the aqueous phase of the sample (~200 µL) to a new 1.5 mL tube.
4. Add 600 µL/tube of Guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform and transfer the sample to a 1.5 mL tube.
5. Add 180 µL/tube of Chloroform and shake the tube vigorously by hand for 15 s.
6. Centrifuge the sample at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C.
7. Collect and transfer the aqueous phase of the sample (~450 µL) to a 1.5 mL tube.
8. Add 60 µL/tube of Linear Acrylamide (5 µg/µL) and add 400 µL/tube of 100% isopropanol to the aqueous phase.
9. Incubate the tube at room temperature for 10 min and centrifuge it at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C.
10. Remove the supernatant carefully.
11. Wash the RNA pellet 3 times with 200 µL of 75% ethanol (EtOH/RNase-free water), remove the supernatant, and air-dry the RNA pellet.
    NOTE: Do not allow the RNA to dry completely because the pellet can lose solubility.
12. Resuspend the RNA pellet in 20 µL of RNase-free water containing an RNAse inhibitor (1 µL/20 µL) and dissolve the pellet by pipetting.
13. Measure the absorbance at 260 nm.

17. Reverse transcription

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 1 h

1. Add 7 µL/tube of Reverse Transcription primer + dNTP mix (see Table 1 and Table 3) and place the tubes on a thermal cycler.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is 27 µL. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C.
2. Heat at 65 °C for 5 min and place the tubes on ice for at least 1 min.
3. Add 14 µL/tube of Reverse transcriptase master mix (see Table 1) and mix by pipetting.
4. Place the tubes on a thermal cycler, and incubate them at 55 °C for 10 min and then at 80 °C for 10 min.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is 60 µL. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C.

18. Second strand synthesis

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 2.5 h

1. Add 40 µL/tube of ultrapure water and split the 100 µL solution into two 0.2 mL PCR tubes (50 µL/tube).
2. Add 60 µL/tube of Second Strand Synthesis mix (see Table 1) and place the tubes on a thermal cycler and run the following program: i) 95 °C for 5 min, ii) 95 °C for 30 s, iii) 60 °C for 30 s, iv) 72 °C for 30 s, v) repeat steps ii-iv 20 times, and vi) hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: The tube size is 0.2 mL. The volume of the solution is 110 µL. The temperature of the thermal cycler lid is 105 °C.
3. Add 4.4 µL/tube of 0.5 M EDTA (final 20 mM) and store at -80 °C, overnight.
   NOTE: Safe stopping point: The experiment can safely be stopped here for up to a few days.
4. Purify DNA by phenol-chloroform purification and polyethylene glycol precipitation (described in step 14).
   NOTE: Safe stopping point: The experiment can safely be stopped here for at least one week.

19. Restriction enzyme digestion and size selection

NOTE: The following procedure is performed under a clean hood to avoid DNase contamination. Time: 3 h (steps 19.1-19.7)

1. Measure the DNA concentration of the purified DNA (from step 18.4) by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm.
2. Transfer 6 µg of DNA to a PCR tube, add 30 µL of 10x Digestion buffer, and adjust the volume to 294 µL with ultrapure water.
3. Add 6 µL of BciVI restriction enzyme and incubate at 37 °C for 1 h.
4. Perform EtOH precipitation with Linear polyacrylamide.
   1. Add 60 µL/tube of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and then add 40 µL/tube of Linear acrylamide (5 mg/mL, see the Table of Materials).
   2. Add 400 µL/tube of EtOH and incubate overnight at -20 °C.
      NOTE: Safe stopping point: The experiment can safely be stopped here for one day.
   3. Centrifuge 12,000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C and remove the supernatant.
   4. Wash the pellet twice with 80% EtOH and dry the pellet.
   5. Dissolve the pellet with 20 µL of 1xTE buffer and add 4 µL/tube of fresh 6x Gel Loading buffer.
5. Load the sample in a 5% agarose gel/0.5x TAE buffer and perform electrophoresis (50 V for 40 min).
6. Cut and collect the gel over 50 bp (see Figure 6) and extract the DNA using a Gel Extraction kit.
   NOTE: Safe stopping point: The experiment can safely be stopped here for at least one week.
7. Construct the sequencing library using a DNA library preparation kit (see the Table of Materials)^16,17.

Representative Results

K562 single cells were generated using the protocol described in step 8 (see Figure 5). Single cells were embedded in the outer layer of the polyacrylamide bead. Cell DNA was stained and visualized using an intercalator dye for DNA staining.

Figure 5: Generated reusable single cells. Cells are stained with an intercalator dye for DNA (green fluorescence). White arrows indicate single cells embedded in the outer layer of polyacrylamide beads. The reusable single cell is placed in a 96-well flat-bottom plate. Images were taken by a scanning microscope, BZ-X710. Scale bar = 1 mm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

The results shown in Figure 6 supported the generation of the desired DNA products. DNA products from step 19.7 were cleaved by the BciVI restriction enzyme into 19-20 bp, 31-32 bp, 49 bp, and >49 bp fragments. These results supported the conclusion that most products contain Antibody Probe-derived sequences and 2^nd random primer-derived sequences. The DNA products were subsequently ligated with the Illumina adapter using a TruSeq Nano kit and sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq6000 sequencer.

Figure 6: DNA products before and after BciVI restriction enzyme digestion. (A) BciVI digestion generated the expected 19-20 bp fragments, 31-32 bp fragments, and the desired products (>49 bp) containing Antibody Barcode, Ligated sequence, genomic DNA, and Cell barcode. (B) Size distribution of the final products at the end of step 19.7. Constructed DNA library was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The light pink line indicates the desired products containing sequencing adaptors, antibody barcode, and cell barcode. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

The sequencing results indicated that the products generated by following steps 7-19 contain the Antibody Probe, ligated sequence, genome sequence, and cell barcode. Unique mapped reads from anti-H3K27ac and anti-H3K27me3 were significantly more numerous than from control IgG (see Figure 7A). This indicates that the specific binding of anti-H3K27ac and anti-H3K27me3 increases the number of the desired products. The most advanced technology for single-cell epigenome analysis, Paired-Tag, acquires around 2,000 unique reads of H3K27ac and 1,500 unique reads of H3K27me3 per nucleus. Our results showed a much higher number of unique reads (average 699,398 H3K27ac signals/cell and 505,433 H3K27me3 signals/cell). The results also supported the conclusion that repeated experiments using the same reusable single cell reduce loss of signal and increase signal density.

The REpi-seq signals shown in Figure 7A were evaluated by comparing the REpi-seq data with bulk ChIP-seq data. In Figure 7B, on average, 91% ± 3.24% of H3K27ac signals from REpi-seq overlapped with H3K27ac peaks in bulk ChIP-seq. This analysis measures the level of "precision" in single-cell epigenome analysis¹⁸. The precision of current single-cell epigenomic methods for the active histone mark H3K4me3 is 53% (Drop-ChIP; H3K4me3)¹⁸, 50% (scChIC-seq; H3K4me3)¹⁹, and 60% (ACT-seq; H3K4me3)²⁰. In addition, the precision of REpi-seq for the inactive histone mark H3K27me3 was, on average, 52.09% ± 3.71% (Figure 7C), whereas the precision for H3K27me3 was 47% in single-cell ChIC-seq¹⁹. In conclusion, REpi-seq displays high precision in detecting H3K27ac and H3K27me3.

We also analyzed the "sensitivity"¹⁸ of REpi-seq, which measures how many peaks of bulk ChIP-seq were detected by REpi-seq reproduced reads (Figure 7D,E). The sensitivity of REpi-seq was 55.30% in H3K27ac and 50.94% in H3K27me3. In other single-cell epigenome methods, the sensitivity is 5% in Drop-ChIP (H3K4me3)¹⁸, 5% in ACT-seq (H3K4me3)²⁰, and 9.5% in scChIC-seq (H3K27me3)¹⁹. These results indicate that REpi-seq is sensitive at detecting epigenetic signals.

Figure 7: Signal numbers, precision, and sensitivity in REpi-seq. The same experiments were repeated 3 times with the same reusable single cell (a K562 cell). (A) Acquired signals from the same eight single cells. Each dot represents a reusable single cell. Unique signals from control IgG (black), anti-H3K27me3 (blue), and anti-H3K27ac (red) in the same single cells were counted. Anti-H3K27me3 and anti-H3K27ac signals were significantly higher than control IgG, indicating that specific binding of antibodies generates signals more efficiently than control IgG. Bar: mean, error bar: standard deviation. (B, C) Precision of REpi-seq H3K27ac (B) and H3K27me3 (C) unique reads. The precision of unique reads derived from REpi-seq was based on overlapping with known ChIP-seq peaks from K562 bulk cell analysis (H3K27ac: SRR3144862; H3K27me3: SRR069083). The percentages of REpi-seq H3K27ac and H3K27me3 reads confirmed by ChIP-seq peaks were calculated in each single cell. The results are expressed as the average percent of 8 single cells. (D, E) Sensitivity of REpi-seq at detecting H3K27ac (D) and H3K27me3 (E) known peaks. Unique reads of REpi-seq were used. H3K27ac and H3K27me3 peaks identified by ChIP-seq of K562 bulk cells in the ECODE Project (H3K27ac: ENCFF038DDS; H3K27me3: ENCFF031FSF) were recognized by REpi-seq unique reads. The results are expressed as the average percent ChIP-seq peaks recognized by REpi-seq unique reads. Panels B-E were reproduced from Ohnuki et al.⁷. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Table 1: Buffers used in this protocol. Please click here to download this Table.

Table 2: Antibodies and IgG control used in this protocol. Please click here to download this Table.

Table 3: Oligonucleotide DNA used in this protocol. Please click here to download this Table.

Supplemental Video S1: Automated single-cell picking and transfer into a 96-well PCR plate (step 8.2.4). Please click here to download this Video.

Supplemental Video S2: Supernatant removal from a well containing a single cell using a liquid handling robot (step 8.2.8.1). Please click here to download this Video.

Supplemental Video S3: Adding 4% TEMED/mineral oil to a well containing a single cell using a liquid handling robot (step 8.2.8.2). Please click here to download this Video.

Supplemental Code 1: Automated program of the liquid handling robot from steps 8.2.8.1-8.2.8.2. Please click here to download this File.

Discussion

This article describes the step-by-step protocol for the recently reported single-cell multiepigenomic analysis using reusable single cells⁷. In the subsequent paragraphs, we discuss critical points, emphasizing potential limitations in the protocol.

One of the critical points throughout the protocol (from steps 7.2-13) is avoiding DNase contamination. A single cell only has two copies of genomic DNA. Therefore, damaging genomic DNA critically reduces the signal number. Avoiding contamination with DNase is essential to protect the integrity of genomic DNA.

Permeability of the reagents across the cell membrane/cell wall is also critical throughout the protocol. REpi-seq was designed to analyze the epigenome of mouse and human cells at the single-cell level. The optimal conditions for this experimental method are expected to vary depending on the permeability of cell types and nuclear membrane to each reagent. Therefore, when the method is applied to cells other than mouse and human cells, such as plant cells, yeast, and bacteria, the conditions at each step need optimization.

We believe that a critical point specific to step 9.5 (annealing the first random primer) is the rapid speed of cooling after denaturing the genomic DNA. Slow and gradual cooling after denaturing may reduce the annealing efficiency of the random primers binding to the genomic DNA. Moreover, in step 11 (proximity ligation), a critical point is the buffer composition. Buffers containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) are widely used for faster ligation methods in molecular biology applications. A low concentration of PEG (e.g., <7.5%) promotes the quick formation of double-stranded DNA without DNA precipitation. However, we observed that the ligation buffer containing PEG induces shrinkage of the single-cell gel bead containing the single cell (reusable single cell), suggesting that the mesh size of the polyacrylamide scaffold had shrunk. As this shrinkage may cause reduced accessibility of T4 DNA ligase, we decided not to use the faster ligation protocol for REpi-seq.

In REpi-seq, the results can be evaluated by the redetection frequency of signals in the same single cells. The redetection frequency is useful to monitor reactions, including proximity ligation with the antibody probe and first random primer. We previously reported⁷ that 62.03% of H3K27ac reads in one experiment was confirmed in two replicate experiments, suggesting that the efficiency of proximity ligation in individual experiments is higher than the overall redetection percentage in repeated experiments.

We have also previously reported⁷ the successful detection of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding to DNA in reusable single cells. Pol II binding is difficult to capture with the current single-cell epigenome methods because of the temporal and unstable nature of this binding.

Current transposase-based CUT&Tag approaches for single-cell epigenome analysis require the preservation of nucleosome-DNA interaction. A specific antibody binds to a histone modification; then, transposase attached to the antibody cleaves the genomic DNA and inserts a DNA barcode at the DNA cleavage site. This reaction depends on nucleosome (histone)-DNA interaction. Therefore, it is essential that nucleosome-DNA interactions and the structure of cellular proteins and chromatin remain intact. Hence, CUT&Tag approaches are inevitably biased to accessible regions of chromatin structure in the analysis of histone modifications.

The inevitable bias toward the accessible chromatin regions hampers the augmentation of the number of epigenetic signals in single-cell epigenome analysis. Chromatin structures are formed by multiple types of molecular interactions, including DNA-nucleosome and nucleosome-nucleosome interactions through nucleosome-associated proteins. Hence, we opted not to preserve DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions in the reusable single cells while preserving the location of cellular proteins. This feature is accomplished with the use of monomeric acrylamide and a paraformaldehyde mixture (protocol step 7), which modifies the amino group on cellular proteins rather than crosslinking protein to protein or protein to DNA.

The location of histones and genome-associated proteins is retained by the connection to the polyacrylamide polymer. Nucleosomes are denatured around 71-74 °C²¹. Therefore, in the reusable single cell, histones are likely denatured and relaxed/dissociated from each other after the annealing step of the 1^st random primer (94 °C). This may relax the heterochromatin structure and improve the accessibility of antibodies and other molecules to heterochromatin regions. This conclusion is supported by our reported results⁷ showing that bias associated with chromatin structure is reduced in reusable single cells compared to CUT&Tag approaches⁹.

The connection of histone H3 to polyacrylamide is maintained after at least 3 rounds of heat denaturing as the location of histones in the reusable single cell is preserved over repeated experiments⁷. This feature allows repetition of the same experiment using the same single cell. Repeated experiments contribute to increasing the number of signals from a single cell compared to CUT&Tag approaches.

Verifiability is a fundamental principle in science. However, verifying experimental results of a single cell is not feasible in CUT&Tag approaches, as repeated experiments with the same cells are not possible. The genomic DNA is cleaved by transposase and receives the DNA barcode for one epigenetic mark. The cleaved genomic DNA is released from its original location. Therefore, the CUT&Tag approach is at a disadvantage for the analysis of multiple epigenetic marks in the same single cell. This feature of CUT&Tag methods underlies the trade-off of decreased signal density with an increased number of epigenetic marks per single cell.

To avoid this issue, we copied genomic DNA rather than cutting the genome and then tagged the copied genomic DNA with an antibody DNA probe. REpi-seq allows the analysis of the same single cells and increases signal density. It also provides a means for verifiability of experimental results, multiplexing epigenomic analysis, and solving the trade-off issue in CUT&Tag approaches. Although the method overcomes the limitations of transposase-based epigenomic analysis, it is not yet capable of analyzing large numbers of cells at a single-cell level. Further development is needed.

In conclusion, REpi-seq copies genomic DNA rather than cutting the genome and then tags the copied genomic DNA with an antibody DNA probe. REpi-seq is still in infancy and needs to increase throughputs of cells. However, REpi-seq has strengths, which overcomes the limitations in current single-cell epigenome methods: 1) increasing signal density by reducing drop-outs of signals through repeated experiments in the same single cells; 2) reducing structural bias by reducing inaccessible regions based on chromatin structure; 3) providing verifiability of experimental results by repeated experiments in the same single cell, 4) signal identification based on redetection probability of the same signal in every single cell; 5) analyzing multiple epigenetic marks in the same single cell without competition among epigenetic marks. These advances allow analyzing epigenetic mechanisms in a single cell, which is an important application and not feasible with the other single-cell epigenomic methods.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10x CutSmart buffer	New England BioLabs	B6004	10x Digestion buffer
200 proof ethanol	Warner-Graham Company	200 proof	Ethanol
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Monoclonal Antibody [HMC/4D9]	Epigentek	A-1018-100	Anti-5hmC
Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide Stain	Logos Biosystems	F23001	Cell counter
Acrylamide solution, 40% in H2O, for molecular biology	MilliporeSigma	01697-500ML	40% acrylamide solution
All-in-One Fluorescence Microscope BZ-X710	Keyence	BZ-X710	Scanning microscope
Amicon Ultra-0.5 Centrifugal Filter Unit	MilliporeSigma	UFC510024	Ultrafiltration cassette
Ammonium persulfate for molecular biology	MilliporeSigma	A3678-100G	Ammonium persulfate powder
Anhydrous DMF	Vector laboratories	S-4001-005	Anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)
Anti-RNA polymerase II CTD repeat YSPTSPS (phospho S5) antibody [4H8]	Abcam	ab5408	Anti-Pol II
Anti-TRAP220/MED1 (phospho T1457) antibody	Abcam	ab60950	Anti-Med1
BciVI	New England BioLabs	R0596L	BciVI
Bovine Serum Albumin solution, 20 mg/mL in H2O, low bioburden, protease-free, for molecular biology	MilliporeSigma	B8667-5ML	20% BSA (Table 7)
Bst DNA Polymerase, Large Fragment	New England BioLabs	M0275L	Bst DNA polymerase
BT10 Series 10 µl Barrier Tip	NEPTUNE	BT10	P10 low-retention tip
CellCelector	Automated Lab Solutions	N/A	Automated single cell picking robot
CellCelector 4 nl nanowell plates for single cell cloning, Plate S200-100 100K, 24 well,ULA	Automated Lab Solutions	CC0079	4 nL nanowell plate
Chloroform	MilliporeSigma		Chloroform
Corning Costar 96-Well, Cell Culture-Treated, Flat-Bottom Microplate	Corning	3596	Flat-bottom 96-well plates
Deep Vent (exo-) DNA Polymerase	New England BioLabs	M0259L	Exo- DNA polymerase
DNA LoBind Tubes, 0.5 mL	Eppendorf	30108035	0.5 mL DNA low-binding tube
DNA Oligo, 1st random primer	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	1st random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#01	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#02	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#03	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#04	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#05	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#06	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#07	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#08	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#09	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#10	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#11	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd random primer Cell#12	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd random primer
DNA Oligo, 2nd synthesis primer	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	2nd synthesis primer
DNA Oligo, Ligation Adaptor	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	Ligation Adaptor
DNA Oligo, Reverse Transcription primer	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	Reverse Transcription primer
DNase I (RNase-free)	New England BioLabs	M0303L	DNase I (RNase-free, 4 U).
DNase I Reaction Buffer	New England BioLabs	B0303S	10x DNase I buffer (NEB)
dNTP Mix (10 mM each)	Thermo Fisher	R0192	10 mM dNTPs
Fetal Bovine Serum, USA origin, Heat-inactivated	MilliporeSigma	F4135-500ML	Fetal bovine serum
HiScribe T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit	New England BioLabs	E2040S	In-vitro-transcription master mix
Histone H3K27ac antibody	Active motif	39133	Anti-H3K27ac
Histone H3K27me3 antibody	Active motif	39155	Anti-H3K27me3
IgG from rabbit serum	Millipore Sigma	I5006-10MG	Control IgG
Iron oxide(II,III) magnetic nanopowder, 30 nm avg. part. size (TEM), NHS ester functionalized	MilliporeSigma	747467-1G	NHS ester functionalized 30 nm iron oxide powder
K-562	American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)	CCL-243	cells
Linear Acrylamide (5 mg/mL)	Thermo Fisher	AM9520	Linear Acrylamide
LUNA-FL Dual Fluorescence Cell Counter	Logos Biosystems	L20001	Cell counter
LUNA Cell Counting Slides, 50 Slides	Logos Biosystems	L12001	Cell counter
Mineral oil, BioReagent, for molecular biology, light oil	MilliporeSigma	M5904-500ML	Mineral oil
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine for molecular biology	MilliporeSigma	T7024-100ML	N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine
NaCl (5 M), RNase-free	Thermo Fisher	AM9760G	5M NaCl
NanoDrop Lite	Thermo Fisher	2516	Microvolume spectrophotometer
NEST 2 mL 96-Well Deep Well Plate, V Bottom	Opentrons	N/A	2 mL deep well 96-well plate
Non-skirted 96-well PCR plate	Genesee Scientific	27-405	96-well PCR plate
NuSive GTG Agarose	Lonza	50081	Agarose
OmniPur Acrylamide: Bis-acrylamide 19:1, 40% Solution	MilliporeSigma	1300-500ML	40%Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide
OT-2 lab robot	Opentrons	OT2	Automated liquid handling robot
Paraformaldehyde, EM Grade, Purified, 20% Aqueous Solution	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15713	20% Pararmaldehyde
PBS (10x), pH 7.4	Thermo Fisher	70011044	10x PBS
PIPETMAN Classic P1000	GILSON	F123602	A P1000 pipette
Protein LoBind Tubes, 1.5 mL	Eppendorf	925000090	1.5 mL Protein low-binding tube
QIAgen Gel Extraction kit	Qiagen	28706	A P1000 pipette
Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay	Thermo Fisher	P11495	dsDNA specific intercalator dye
Quick Ligation kit	New England BioLabs	M2200L	T4 DNA ligase (NEB)
RNaseOUT Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor	Thermo Fisher	10777019	RNAse inhibitor
S-4FB Crosslinker (DMF-soluble)	Vector laboratories	S-1004-105	Succinimidyl 4-formylbenzoate (S-4FB)
S-HyNic	Vector laboratories	S-1002-105	Succinimidyl 6-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (S-HyNic)
Sodium Acetate, 3 M, pH 5.2, Molecular Biology Grade	MilliporeSigma	567422-100ML	3M Sodium acetate (pH 5.2)
Sodium bicarbonate, 1M buffer soln., pH 8.5	Alfa Aesar	J60408	1M sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 8.5
Sodium phosphate dibasic for molecular biology	MilliporeSigma	S3264-250G	Na2HPO4
Sodium phosphate monobasic for molecular biology	MilliporeSigma	S3139-250G	NaH2PO4
SuperScript IV reverse transcriptase	Thermo Fisher	18090050	Reverse transcriptase
SYBR Gold Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (10,000x Concentrate in DMSO)	Thermo Fisher	S11494	An intercalator dye for DNA
T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer	New England BioLabs	B0202S	10x T4 DNA ligase reaction buffer
ThermoPol Reaction Buffer Pack	New England BioLabs	B9004S	10x TPM-T buffer (Tris-HCl/Pottasium chloride/Magnesium sulfate/Triton X-100)
TRIzol LS reagent	Thermo Fisher	10296-028	Guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
TruSeq Nano DNA library prep kit	Illumina	20015965	A DNA library preparation kit (see also the manufacturer's instruction)
Ultramer DNA Oligo, Anti-5hmC_Ab#005	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	An amine-modified DNA probe for antibody
Ultramer DNA Oligo, Anti-H3K27ac_Ab#002	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	An amine-modified DNA probe for antibody
Ultramer DNA Oligo, Anti-H3K27me3_Ab#003	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	An amine-modified DNA probe for antibody
Ultramer DNA Oligo, Anti-Med1_Ab#004	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	An amine-modified DNA probe for antibody
Ultramer DNA Oligo, Anti-Pol II_Ab#006	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	An amine-modified DNA probe for antibody
Ultramer DNA Oligo, Control IgG_Ab#001	Integrated DNA Technologies	N/A, see Table 3	An amine-modified DNA probe for control IgG
UltraPure 0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0	Thermo Fisher	15575020	0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0
UltraPure DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water	Thermo Fisher	10977023	Ultrapure water
Zeba Splin Desalting Columns, 7K MWCO, 0.5 mL	Thermo Fisher	89882	Desalting column