Murine Hind Limb Explant Model for Studying the Mechanobiology of Achilles Tendon Impingement

Summary

We present a custom experimental platform and tissue culture protocol that recreates fibrocartilaginous change driven by impingement of the Achilles tendon insertion in murine hind limb explants with sustained cell viability, providing a model suitable for exploring the mechanobiology of tendon impingement.

Abstract

Tendon impingement upon bone generates a multiaxial mechanical strain environment with markedly elevated transverse compressive strain, which elicits a localized fibrocartilage phenotype characterized by accumulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich matrix and remodeling of the collagen network. While fibrocartilage is a normal feature in impinged regions of healthy tendons, excess GAG deposition and disorganization of the collagen network are hallmark features of tendinopathy. Accordingly, impingement is clinically recognized as an important extrinsic factor in the initiation and progression of tendinopathy. Nevertheless, the mechanobiology underlying tendon impingement remains understudied. Prior efforts to elucidate the cellular response to tendon impingement have applied uniaxial compression to cells and excised tendon explants in vitro. However, isolated cells lack a three-dimensional extracellular environment crucial to mechanoresponse, and both in vitro and excised explant studies fail to recapitulate the multiaxial strain environment generated by tendon impingement in vivo, which depends on anatomical features of the impinged region. Moreover, in vivo models of tendon impingement lack control over the mechanical strain environment. To overcome these limitations, we present a novel murine hind limb explant model suitable for studying the mechanobiology of Achilles tendon impingement. This model maintains the Achilles tendon in situ to preserve local anatomy and reproduces the multiaxial strain environment generated by impingement of the Achilles tendon insertion upon the calcaneus during passively applied ankle dorsiflexion while retaining cells within their native environment. We describe a tissue culture protocol integral to this model and present data establishing sustained explant viability over 7 days. The representative results demonstrate enhanced histological GAG staining and decreased collagen fiber alignment secondary to impingement, suggesting elevated fibrocartilage formation. This model can easily be adapted to investigate different mechanical loading regimens and allows for the manipulation of molecular pathways of interest to identify mechanisms mediating phenotypic change in the Achilles tendon in response to impingement.

Introduction

A multitude of tendons, including the Achilles tendon and rotator cuff tendons, experience bony impingement due to normal anatomical positioning^1,2,3,4. Tendon impingement generates compressive strain directed transversely to the longitudinal fiber axis^5,6,7. Regions of tendon impingement demonstrate a unique fibrocartilage phenotype in which shrunken, round cells (fibrochondrocytes) are embedded within a disorganized collagen network with markedly ....

Protocol

All animal work was approved by the University of Rochester Committee on Animal Resources.

1. Preparation of tissue culture media

1. Culture all explants in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (1x DMEM) with 1% v/v penicillin-streptomycin and 200 µM L-ascorbic acid in an incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. For the initial 48 h pretreatment, culture each explant in 70 mL of culture media supplemented with 100 nM dexamethasone⁷⁴. After pretreatment, culture limbs for 7 more days without dexamethasone, changing media every 48-72 h.
   NOTE: Addition of serum, such as fetal bovine serum, to....

Results

Representative images of TUNEL stained tissue sections demonstrate minimal apoptotic nuclei within the body of the Achilles tendon after 7 days of explant culture across experimental groups (Figure 2A). Quantification of these images provides evidence that the tissue culture protocol maintains up to 78% viability on average within the Achilles tendon after 7 days of explant culture across loading conditions (Figure 2B).

Qualitatively,.......

Discussion

The experimental murine hind limb explant platform paired with the tissue culture protocol described in this study provide a suitable model for studying the mechanobiology of impingement-driven fibrocartilage formation at the Achilles tendon insertion. The utility of this explant model is demonstrated by the representative results, which indicate maintenance of cell viability concomitant with significant and spatially heterogeneous change in Toluidine blue staining after 7 days of static impingement. These findings sugge.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Absorbent underpads	VWR	82020-845	For benchtop dissection
Acrylic bath	Source One	X001G46CB1	Contains the explant platform submerged in culture media
Autoclave bin	Thermo Scientific	13-361-20	Used as secondary containment, holds two platforms
Base	-	-	3D printed from CAD files provided as Supplementary Files
Braided line	KastKing	30lb test	Used to wrap around paw and apply ankle dorsiflexion
Clip	-	-	3D printed from CAD files provided as Supplementary Files
Cover glass	Fisherbrand	12-541-034	Rectangular, No. 2, 50 mm x 24 mm
Cytoseal XYL	VWR	8312-4	Xylene-based mounting media for coverslipping Toluidine blue stained tissue sections
Dexamethasone	MP Biomedical LLC	194561	CAS#50-02-2
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), anhydrous	Invitrogen by ThermoFisher	D12345	CAS#67-68-5, use to solubilize dexamethasone into concentrated stock solutions
Double-sided tape	Scotch Brand	34-8724-5195-9	To attach sandpaper to Grip platens
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (1X DMEM)	Gibco by ThermoFisher	11965092	high glucose, (-) pyruvate, (+) glutamine
EDTA tetrasodium salt dihydrate	Thermo Scientific Chemicals	J15700.A1	CAS#10378-23-1, used to make 14% EDTA solution for sample decalcifcation
Ethanol, 200 proof	Thermo Scientific	T038181000	CAS#64-17-5, 1 L supply
Foam biopsy pads	Leica	3801000	Used with processing cassettes, help hold ankle joints in desired position during fixation and decalcification
Forceps, #SS Standard Inox	Dumont	11203-23	Straight, smooth, fine tips
Forceps, Micro-Adson 4.75"	Fisherbrand	13-820-073	Straight, fine tips with serrated teeth
Garnet Sandpaper, 50-D Grit	Norton	M600060 01518	Or other coarse grit sandpaper
Glacial acetic acid	Fisher Chemical	A38S-500	CAS#64-19-7, for adjusting pH of sodium acetate buffer used for Toluidine blue histology, as well as 14% EDTA decalcification solution
Grips	ADMET	GV-100NT-A4	Stainless steel vice grips, screws and springs described in the protocol are included
Histobond Adhesive Microscope Slides	VWR	16005-108	Sagittal sections of hind limbs explants reliably adhere to these slides through all staining protocols
In situ Cell Death Detection Kit, TMR Red	Roche	12156792910	TUNEL assay
Labeling tape	Fisherbrand	15-959	Or any other labeling tape of preference
L-ascorbic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	A4544-100G	CAS#50-81-7, for culture media formulation
Neutral buffered formalin, 10%	Leica	3800600	For sample fixation, 5 gallon supply
Nunc petri dishes	Sigma-Aldrich	P7741-1CS	100 mm diameter x 25 mm height, maintain explants submerged in 70 mL of culture media as described in protocol
Penicillin-streptomycin (100X)	Gibco by ThermoFisher	15140122	Add 5 mL to 500 mL 1X DMEM for 1% v/v (1X) working concentration
Polylactic acid (PLA) 1.75 mm filament	Hatchbox	-	Choose filament diameter compatible with your 3D printer extruder, in color of choice.
Processing cassettes	Leica	3802631	For fixation, decalcification and paraffin embedding
Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI	Invitrogen by ThermoFisher	P36931	Mounting media for coverslipping tissue sections after TUNEL
Proteinase K	Fisher BioReagents	BP1700-50	CAS#39450-01-6, used for antigen retrieval in TUNEL protocol
Scissors, Fine	FST	14094-11	Straight, sharp
Slide Staining Set, 12-place	Mercedes Scientific	MER 1011	Rack with 12 stain dishes and slide dippers for Toluidine blue histology
Sodium acetate, anhydrous	Thermo Scientific Chemicals	A1318430	CAS#127-09-3, used to make buffer for Toluidine blue histology
Tissue-Tek Accu-Edge Low Profile Microtome Blades	VWR	25608-964	For paraffin sectioning
Toluidine Blue O	Thermo Scientific Chemicals	348601000	CAS#92-31-9
Volume Reduction Insert	-	-	3D printed from CAD files provided as Supplementary Files
Xylenes	Leica	3803665	4 gallon supply for histological staining