Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

Summary

In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Here, an acute tissue slice preparation of VNO for performing calcium imaging is described. This physiological approach allows observations of subpopulations and/or individual neurons in a living tissue and is convenient for receptor-ligand identification.

Abstract

Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher used the term pheromone for the first time in 1959¹ to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. Pheromones are volatile or non-volatile short-lived molecules² secreted and/or contained in biological fluids^3,4, such as urine, a liquid known to be a main source of pheromones³. Pheromonal communication is implicated in a variety of key animal modalities such as kin interactions^5,6, hierarchical organisations³ and sexual interactions^7,8 and are consequently directly correlated with the survival of a given species^9,10,11. In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO)^10,12, a paired structure located at the base of the nasal cavity, and enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. Each VNO has a tubular shape with a lumen^13,14 allowing the contact with the external chemical world. The sensory neuroepithelium is principally composed of vomeronasal bipolar sensory neurons (VSNs)¹⁵. Each VSN extends a single dendrite to the lumen ending in a large dendritic knob bearing up to 100 microvilli implicated in chemical detection¹⁶. Numerous subpopulations of VSNs are present. They are differentiated by the chemoreceptor they express and thus possibly by the ligand(s) they recognize^17,18. Two main vomeronasal receptor families, V1Rs and V2Rs^19,20,21,22, are composed respectively by 240²³ and 120²⁴ members and are expressed in separate layers of the neuroepithelium. Olfactory receptors (ORs)²⁵ and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)^26,27 are also expressed in VSNs.

Whether or not these neuronal subpopulations use the same downstream signalling pathway for sensing pheromones is unknown. Despite a major role played by a calcium-permeable channel (TRPC2) present in the microvilli of mature neurons²⁸ TRPC2 independent transduction channels have been suggested^6,29. Due to the high number of neuronal subpopulations and the peculiar morphology of the organ, pharmacological and physiological investigations of the signalling elements present in the VNO are complex.

Here, we present an acute tissue slice preparation of the mouse VNO for performing calcium imaging investigations. This physiological approach allows observations, in the natural environment of a living tissue, of general or individual subpopulations of VSNs previously loaded with Fura-2AM, a calcium dye. This method is also convenient for studying any GFP-tagged pheromone receptor and is adaptable for the use of other fluorescent calcium probes. As an example, we use here a VG mouse line³⁰, in which the translation of the pheromone V1rb2 receptor is linked to the expression of GFP by a polycistronic strategy.

Protocol

1. Dissection of the mouse VNO

1. Use adult mice. As pheromone sensing is implicated in multimodalities, careful distinction between strains, genotypes, sexes and ages is important and will influence your results. Here, we choose adult VG mice³⁰ previously used for the identification of a pheromone-receptor pair (2-heptanone-V1rb2)³¹ (Fig. 1A).
2. Before starting the dissection, prepare fresh cold artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (ACSF; NaCl 118 mM, NaHCO₃ 25 mM, D-Glucose 10 mM, KCl 2 mM, MgCl₂ 2 mM, NaH₂PO₄ 1.2 mM, CaCl₂ 2 mM; pH 7.4) saturated with oxycarbon (95% O₂ : 5% CO₂). For that, mix all the ACSF components except CaCl₂. Saturate the solution by directly bubbling it with oxycarbon. In the end, add the CaCl₂ and adjust with ddH₂0 to the desired volume. Keep the ACSF solution on ice until use.
3. Euthanasia of the mouse should be preferentially done by cervical dislocation or by CO₂ inhalation just before the experiment.
4. Cut the mouse head. Place it under a dissecting microscope in cold ACSF continuously oxycarbonated.
5. Cut the lower jaw and position the head in order to visualize the palate (Fig. 1B).
6. Make an incision horizontally in the upper part of the palate (Fig. 1B) with micro scissors and remove the palate membrane with micro dissecting forceps. Hydrate and clean the exposed cavity with ACSF (Fig. 1C).
7. Cut the upper and the lower part of the nasal septum (Fig. 1C). Delicately extract the nasal septum containing the VNO and place it directly in ACSF on ice (Fig. 1D).
8. Separate vertically the two parts of the VNO using micro dissecting forceps and delicately remove the cartilaginous capsule of the VNO (Fig. 1E). Make sure that all the cartilaginous pieces are removed.

2. VNO tissue slice preparation

The VNO tissue slice preparation described in this section 2) is mainly for calcium imaging investigations. VNO slices can also be used for immunohistostainings on floating slices to verify the structural integrity of the tissue (please see section 3) of the protocol).

1. Prepare low-melting agar (3% in standard PBS) and your working place. You will need ACSF, a microtome and supports, micro dissecting forceps, embedding molds (22 x 22 x 20 mm), precision wipes, brushes, tissue culture plates, cyanacrylat glue, ice and a thermometer.
2. Fill the embedding mold with 3% low-melting agar. Make sure that the temperature is not higher than 41°C before placing vertically the shortly wiped VNO (Fig. 2A) to be able to obtain coronal slices.
3. Place the embedding mold on ice for 1 min until solidification and then separate it from the agar block. Cut the agar block in a pyramidal shape and place it with glue on the microtome support (Fig. 2B).
4. Cut coronal VNO slices with the microtome, with a speed of 0.5 mm/s, an amplitude of 0.7 mm and a thickness of 100 μm in cold ACSF and collect the tissue slices with a brush before placing them in a tissue culture plate filled with cold ACSF.
5. If your slices contain endogenous fluorescence like GFP (in gene-targeted neurons) you can select them under a fluorescent stereomicroscope (Fig. 2C).

3. Immunohistochemistry on VNO floating slices

The goal of this procedure is to verify the integrity of the VNO tissue slices obtained in section 2). Acetylated-tubulin is a microtubule / cytoskeleton marker expressed in dendrites and microvilli of VNO sensory neurons. For calcium imaging experiments, go directly to section 4) of the protocol. The immunohistostaining method on floating VNO slices can be adapted to the evaluation of the expression of any protein of interest. For this purpose, we recommend that you fix the VNO for 1h at 4°C in a fixative solution (paraformaldehyde 4% in PBS, pH 7.6) after the point 1.7) of the protocol and use from this point PBS at pH 7.6 rather than ACSF solution.

1. In the tissue culture plate, fix your slices of interest in a fixative solution (paraformaldehyde 4% in PBS, pH 7.6) 1h at 4°C.
2. Block your tissue slices overnight at 4°C in a PBS solution containing NGS (normal goat serum) 10% and triton X-100 at 0.5%.
3. Incubate slices with the primary antibody (anti-acetylated-tubulin, Mouse, 1:2000) for 16h at room temperature (RT) in a PBS solution containing NGS 5% and Triton X-100 at 0.25%.
4. Wash 3 times for 5 minutes with a PBS solution containing NGS 2%.
5. Incubate in the dark with the secondary antibody (Cy5-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse, 1:200) in a PBS solution containing NGS 2% for 1h at RT.
6. Wash 3 times for 5 minutes with PBS containing NGS 2%, PBS NGS 1% and PBS only.
7. Mount your slices in a fluorescent mounting media (containing or not DAPI) by placing them in the centre of the hydrophobic delimited zones (use a hydrophobic pen) and cover the slices with coverslips.
8. Make observations and acquisitions with confocal microscopy and a software allowing 3D reconstructions (Fig. 2D-F).

4. Calcium imaging on VNO slices

1. The following procedures will take place in the dark. Incubate VNO slices for 1h at 37°C in a loading solution composed of cold ACSF with Fura-2AM (7 μM; stock solution of 1 mM in DMSO) and pluronic 0.1% (w/v; stock solution at 20 % in ddH₂O).
2. Keep the loaded slices on ice with oxycarbonation until use. Loaded slices can be kept for 3-4h.
3. Place the loaded slices with a brush in a perfusion chamber containing ACSF and maintain the slices with a tissue slice anchor (Fig. 3A).
4. Place the perfusion chamber on the stage of a calcium imaging microscope (Fig. 3B) and continuously perfuse with oxycarbonated ACSF at RT. Temperature can be adapted with the use of a bipolar temperature controller.
5. Observations of the loaded VNO slices (Fig. 3C-E) are performed with an inverted fluorescence microscope, with a 25x or 63x objective and a CooL SNAP-HQ camera. Illumination is done sequentially (340/380 nm) with a polychromator instrument and recorded at a rate of 5Hz. Filtered emission is done at 510 nm. Intracellular calcium ratio changes (ΔF = 340 nm/380 nm) are monitored with an appropriate software.
6. Chemostimulation should be selected according to your own experimental purpose. Here, perfusions of ACSF containing a pheromone mix (isobutylamine, 2-heptanone, 4-heptanone, 2-heptanol, pentylacetate, dimethylpyrazine, α/β-farnesene, 10^-6 M), 2-heptanone (10^-6 M) or freshly collected male and female (1:1) mouse urine (1:100) are performed³². Perfusion of ATP (125 μM) is used as a viability test at the end of the experiments (Fig. 3F) and should indicate a proportion of approximately 80% viable neurons. Under these conditions, slices can be used up to 2 hours.
7. GFP-tagged subpopulations of sensory neurons are visualised by specific illumination (here the V1rb2 expressing neurons) and can be analysed precisely (Fig. 3G-I).

5. Representative Results:

To establish a functional assay to investigate the multi transduction pathways taking place in the mouse VNO, or to identify new pheromone-receptor pairs, we take advantage of the VG mouse line (Fig. 1A). In this line, one out of 240 V1Rs receptors, the V1Rb2 receptor is GFP-tagged allowing the easy visualization of a particular subpopulation of vomeronasal sensory neurons. After extraction and dissection of the VNO (Fig. 1E), we prepare acute VNO slices (Fig. 2C). We fix a fraction of them, in order to check and validate the tissular integrity of the preparation by performing immunohistostainings against the acetylated-tubulin protein (Fig. 2D-F). The other fraction of the slices is used for calcium imaging experiments. For that, slices are loaded with Fura-2AM (Fig. 3C-E) and the intracellular calcium level of each neuron is monitored as a ΔF ratio (Fig. 3F). Viability of the neurons is evaluated by perfusion of ATP (125 μM), after which rapid and transient increase of the ΔF ratio is expected (Fig. 3F). Urine being a major source of pheromones, perfusion of freshly collected mouse urine (1:100) is used as an endogenous control. It triggers calcium transients in approximately 50% of the recorded neurons (cell 1 and 2, Fig. 3F). Under GFP illumination, V1Rb2 positive neurons are observable, and perfusion of its known pheromonal ligand, 2-heptanone, initiates cellular activation (cell 1, Fig. 3I). Interestingly, neuronal activations are also observable in a fraction of neurons that do not express the V1Rb2 receptor (GFP negative neurons) (cell 2, Fig. 3I), demonstrating the complexity of pheromone coding in the VNO.

Figure 1. Dissection of the mouse vomeronasal organ. (A) A mouse from the VG line. (B) After euthanasia of the mouse, the full head is placed under a binocular microscope and the lower jaw is removed in order to visualize the palate. A small horizontal incision is done (black dashed line). (C) After the removal of the palate, the nasal septum lined with the VNO is cut in the upper and the lower part (white dashed lines) to facilitate VNO extraction. (D) The VNO is positioned in ACSF solution and separated (insert : higher power view of the two parts). (E) The cartilaginous capsule of the VNO is delicately removed, and the VNO without its cartilaginous capsule is used for the rest of the experiments. Scale bars are: B-E, 1 mm.

Figure 2. Mouse vomeronasal acute slice preparation and tissular integrity. (A) The mouse VNO is vertically embedded in an agar 3% solution. The temperature of the agar must be lower than 41°C. (B) The agar block is cut in a pyramidal shape and 100 μm VNO sections (black dashed line) are generated in ACSF. (C) VNO slices can be selected under a fluorescent stereomicroscope in order to visualize a specific population of tagged sensory neurons. (D-F) Tissular integrity can be evaluated by immunohistostainings against the acetylated-tubulin protein, a higher power view of the V1rb2 gene-targeted neurons demonstrate the perfect conservation of the preparation. Neurons with their long dendrites reaching the surface of the lumen (E) as well as the expression of the structural protein in the dendritic knobs and microvilli can be observed (F). Scale bars are: B, 5 mm; C, 60 μm; D, 40 μm; E-F, 20 μm.

Figure 3. Calcium imaging and pheromone detection in vomeronasal acute tissue slices. (A) After a Fura-2AM loading phase, VNO slices are placed in a perfusion chamber and are maintained with an adapted anchor (high power view). (B) Experiments are performed in the dark and VNO slices are continuously perfused with ACSF at RT with a vacuum system. The temperature can be chosen using a temperature controller system composed by a bipolar Pelletier element and a thermal probe. This particular experiment was performed at RT. (C-E) VNO slices are observable under Hoffman phase contrast (C, Hv) or Fura 380 nm illumination before (D) and during neuronal activation (E, here with ATP). (F) Neuronal viability is evaluated with perfusion of ATP (125 μM). Here, chemostimulation is done with urine (Urine, 1:100) or with a mix of mouse pheromones (mix ph., 10^-6 M) at a constant flow rate of 165 ml/h. Intracellular calcium levels (ΔF) can be recorded individually for each cell (Cell 1 to 3). (G) A V1Rb2 neuron is visualized under GFP illumination (1). (H) The loading of this neuron (1) as well as a non-V1rb2 expressing neuron (2) is shown. (I) The V1rb2 neuron is able to respond to 2-heptanone with an intracellular calcium increase. This particular non-V1rb2 expressing neuron also responds to 2-heptanone (cell 2). Scale bars are: C-E, 20 μm; G-H, 15 μm; ΔF = 340 nm / 380 nm. (F and I) Duration of stimulus application is indicated by bars under each trace. The arbitrary color scale represents the fluorescence intensity.

Discussion

The calcium imaging method presented here enables to record, in an acute slice preparation, the pheromonal responses of mouse VNO neurons. With this approach, dissection from the animal to the vomeronasal neurons is, with some practice, easily achievable and provides a long-living tissue preparation. It allows time-consuming experiments like pharmacological investigations or the study of pheromonal coding. With this physiological technique, large populations as well as precise neuronal subpopulations can be analysed specifically. In addition, this method can be easily adapted to immunohistochemical approaches or experiments based on other calcium dyes. The use of these combined methodologies will surely allow the identification of new pheromonal ligands for the many orphan chemoreceptors expressed in the mouse vomeronasal organ.

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Adenosine 5’-triphosphate disodium salt solution (ATP)	Sigma-Aldrich	A6559-25UMO
Agar	Sigma-Aldrich	A7002-100G	Preferentially for immunohistochemistry
Agar (low-melting)	Sigma-Aldrich	A0701-25G	Preferentially for calcium imaging
CL-100 Bipolar Temperature Controller	Warner Instruments	W64-0352
Confocal Microscope	Leica Microsystems	SP5 AOBS
Cy5-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG	Jackson ImmunoResearch	115-175-071	Protect from light
DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide)	Merck & Co., Inc.	317275-100ML
Embedding molds, Peel-A-Way	Polysciences, Inc.	18646A-1	22 x 22 x 20 mm
Fluorescent mounting media (Vectashield with DAPI, 10 ml)	Rectolab	H-1200
FURA-2AM	Teflabs	0103	Protect from light
Glisseal N (vacuum grease, 60 g)	Borer Chemie	Glisseal N
Large bath recording chamber (RC-26G)	Warner Instruments	64-0235
MetaFluor (software for calcium imaging; v.7.6.5.0)	Visitron Systems
Monoclonal Anti-Tubulin, acetylated Mouse antibody	Sigma-Aldrich	T6793-.2ML
Normal goat serum (NGS, 10 ml)	Interchim	UP379030
Platform for chambers (P-1)	Warner Instruments	64-0277
Pluronic F-127, 2 g	Invitrogen	P-6867
Roti Coll (Dosing bottle, 10 g)	Carl Roth GmbH	0258.1
SC-20 Dual In-line Solution heater/Cooler	Warner Instruments	W64-0353
Slice anchor (SHD-26GKIT)	Warner Instruments	64-0266
Stereofluorescence microscope	Leica Microsystems	MZ16FA
Super PAP PEN (hydrophobic pen)	Pelco International	22309
Triton X-100	Fluka	93420-250ML
Vibrating blade microtome VT 1200S	Leica Microsystems	14048142066
VisiChrome high speed polychromator system	Visitron Systems
3D Data Visualization (Imaris; v.6.3.1)	Bitplane Scientific Software