Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Summary

Macrophages have long been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The recent explosion of knowledge pertaining to evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of the interaction between macrophages and microbes has renewed scientific attention to macrophages. This article describes a method to differentiate macrophages from mouse bone marrow.

Abstract

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because of their powerful microbicidal activities. Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body and are present in the lymphoid organs, liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, bone, and skin. Because of their repartition, they participate in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Macrophages are highly versatile cells that are able to recognize microenvironmental alterations and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Numerous pathogens have evolved mechanisms to use macrophages as Trojan horses to survive, replicate in, and infect both humans and animals and to propagate throughout the body. The recent explosion of interest in evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of host-pathogen interactions has renewed scientific attention regarding macrophages. Here, we describe a procedure to isolate and cultivate macrophages from murine bone marrow that will provide large numbers of macrophages for studying host-pathogen interactions as well as other processes.

Introduction

A significant aspect of macrophage function is their role in innate and adaptive immunity. Because of their capacity to phagocytose inert particles, bacteria or parasites, macrophages are a first line of defense against foreign invaders. Once internalized, microbes are degraded within phagolysosomes. Macrophages also send recruitment signals for and present antigens to other immune cells such as T lymphocytes. Macrophages are derived from monocytes. Monocytes arise in the bone marrow from myeloid stem cells and migrate to peripheral blood and various tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. It is estimated that a healthy adult mouse contains approximately 10⁸ macrophages that are distributed throughout the body in various organs and tissues (Table 1)^1,2. Macrophages display great phenotypic and functional diversity because of their ability to adapt to their microenvironment^3,4. The most important macrophage property is their microbicidal activity, which is defined by their capacity to phagocytose microbes and destroy them. The phagocytic response is defined by the activation of complex signaling networks that are stimulated by microbial contact; thus, macrophages modulate gene expression appropriately in response to diverse stimuli. After phagocytosis, microbes are eliminated in a structure called the phagolysosome; however, many pathogenic microbes have developed strategies to subvert the microbicidal function of macrophages⁵. The diversity of subversion mechanisms that are utilized by different microbial species is a testament to the complexity of the phagocytic process⁶ and phagolysosome biogenesis. Infectious diseases are major human health problems, and numerous mechanisms and molecules participate in macrophage antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, the targets of the microbicidal properties that are hijacked by microbes remain unknown; thus, there is an explosion of interest in the evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of host-pathogen interactions that has renewed scientific attention regarding macrophages. Currently, the majority of the research in the field is done on macrophages cell lines, which differ from primary macrophages in the phagocytic activity, the cytokines production and the regulation of the oxidative burst. In addition, they are less suitable for microscopy. To investigate the interaction macrophages-pathogens it is recommended to use primary macrophages, such as Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages (BMDMs), which exhibit more physiological features. Moreover, it is possible to work on genetically modified BMDMs, because these macrophages might be isolated directly from transgenic mice and, with the availability of novel technologies such as lentiviral transfection, their gene expression profile can be altered by gene overexpression or RNA interference. Here, we describe a procedure to differentiate murine bone marrow into macrophages that will provide large numbers of macrophages in 7 days for various functional analyses such as proteomics⁷, transcriptomics⁸, intracellular trafficking studies⁹, dynamic studies¹⁰, genetic screens (RNAi) and drug screening¹¹.

Protocol

Ethics Statement

The protocol for animal handling was approved by our institutional Animal Ethics Committee "Conseil Scientifique du Centre de Formation et de Recherche Experimental Médico-Chirurgical" (CFREMC, Project permit 10-300122013 to Eric Ghigo) from Aix-Marseille University in accord with the rules of Décret N° 87-848 of 10/19/1987. The experiments were performed at the Faculté de Médecine de la Timone (Experimentation permit number 13.385 to Eric Ghigo).

1. Material and Culture Media Preparation

1. Sterilize two forceps, two scissors, two surgical blades, a mortar and a pestle.
2. Obtain complete DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin .
3. Dilute 10x PBS in sterile distillated water to obtain 1x PBS.
4. Obtain ice-cold 1x PBS, ice-cold complete DMEM, complete DMEM warmed to 37 °C.

2. Preparation of L929 Cell Supernatants

1. Grow L929 cells to confluence (twenty 175 cm² flasks) in complete DMEM at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.

Note: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is required to induce hematopoietic cell differentiation into macrophages¹². L929 cells produce GM-CSF.

2. At confluence, replace culture media with fresh complete DMEM. Transfer flasks to 32 °C, 5% CO₂ for 10 days.
3. Collect, pool and centrifuge the supernatants at 750 x g for 10 min. Discard cell pellets.
4. Store supernatants in 15 ml tubes and store at -20 °C.

3. Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage (BMDM) Preparation

1. Sacrifice 1 mouse by cervical dislocation.
   1. Use sterile surgical blades throughout the experiment. Disinfect the skin with 70% alcohol. Make an incision at the top of each hind leg and pull the skin down towards the foot to expose the muscle.
   2. Cut off the hind legs, remove the skin with sterile scissors and sterile forceps. Place legs within a sterile Petri dish (35/10 mm) containing sterile, ice-cold 1x PBS (5 ml).
   3. Remove the flesh and muscles that are adhering to the bones with sterile scissors and forceps.
2. Transfer the bones into a new, sterile Petri dish (35/10 mm) containing ice-cold, sterile 1x PBS (5 ml). Wash the bones two times with 5 ml ice-cold, sterile 1x PBS.
3. Transfer the bone into a sterile mortar containing 5 ml ice-cold, sterile 1x PBS.
4. Cut the tibia from the femur at the joint with sterile scissors. Smash the bones gently in a sterile mortar containing 5 ml ice-cold, sterile 1x PBS using a pestle.
5. Collect the supernatant in ice-cold 15 ml tubes. Repeat this step 3x.
6. Filter through a 70 μm Nylon cell strainer to remove solid fragments. Centrifuge the filtrate at 450 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
7. Gently discard the supernatant. Dissociate the pellet in 10 ml red blood cell lysis buffer for 30 sec. Add 20 ml ice-cold, complete DMEM.

Note: The aim of this step is to remove contaminating red blood cells; thus, this step must be performed within 2 min to avoid hematopoietic cell alteration by the red blood cell lysis buffer.

8. Centrifuge at 450 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Gently discard the supernatant. Dissociate the pellet in 20 ml complete DMEM that has been warmed to 37 °C.
9. Transfer the dissociated cells into 2 Petri dishes (100/20 mm). Incubate them for 4 hr at 37 °C.
10. Collect the supernatants in 50 ml tubes at room temperature. Discard the dishes that contain the resident macrophages.

Note: The objective of this step is to eliminate the resident bone marrow macrophages by their ability to adhere to culture-treated plastic. These resident macrophages may be used in other experiments.

11. Centrifuge the collected supernatants at 450 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Discard the supernatant.
12. Dissociate gently the pellet in 10 ml complete DMEM containing 15% L929 cell supernatant. Filter the cells through a 40 μm Nylon cell strainer.
13. Recover the filtrate. Add the collected filtrate (10 ml) to 140 ml complete DMEM that has been supplemented with 15% L929 cell media.
14. Distribute 10 ml of the cell suspension per Petri dish (15 Petri dishes, 100/20 mm). Incubate the cells at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
15. Grow cells for 3 days
16. Add 10 ml complete DMEM that has been supplemented with 15% L929. Incubate cells for 4 additional days.

Note: Monitor cell growth periodically with an inverted microscope (steps 3.14-3.16). Adherent macrophages will be observed after 3 days of culture.

4. Harvesting BMDMs

1. Remove the supernatant. Wash BMDMs 2 times with complete DMEM
2. Add 5 ml complete DMEM that has been warmed to 37 °C. Detach BMDMs by gently scraping with a rubber policeman.
3. Collect BMDMs in 50 ml tubes and centrifuge at 450 x g for 10 min. Gently dissociate cell pellets in 20 ml complete DMEM.
4. Count BMDMs in the presence of trypan blue (no more than 10% mortality should be observed).

Note: Generally, approximately 6-7.5 x 10⁷ macrophages are obtained from 15 Petri dishes (100/20 mm) of macrophages. There are approximately 4-5 x 10⁶ macrophages/Petri dish (100/20 mm).

5. Prepare BMDMs as required for the experiment. After 16 hr in complete media at 37 °C, 5% CO₂, macrophages will again adhere to the support.

5. Storing BMDMs

1. Collect isolated BMDMs (step 4.3). Centrifuge at 450 x g for 10 min. Note: BMDMs may be frozen in liquid nitrogen.
2. Resuspend cell pellets in freezing media consisting of 10% DMSO and 90% FCS at a final concentration of 4 x 10⁶ cells/ml and pipette 1 ml into each ampoule.
3. Freeze the cells at a cooling rate of 1 °C/min. After 24 hr, transfer the ampoule to a liquid nitrogen container for long-term storage.

Results

The aim of this method was to easily obtain large numbers of macrophages in few days. The bone marrow cell preparation is illustrated in Figure 1. Bones from the hind leg were collected and smashed in a mortar. Once the resident macrophages were removed from the bone marrow cell preparation, bone marrow cells were incubated with GM-CSF (Day 0). After 3 days, the cells, which were round and nonadherent before culture, start to differentiate into macrophages and adhere (Figure 1A). Cytomet...

Discussion

The protocol described herein details a method to produce large numbers of BMDMs. BMDM are primary cells and have the biological function and properties of macrophages differentiated from monocytes because there are mature, in contrast to macrophage cell lines, which are immature. BMDMs may be used for genetic screening (RNAi), drug screening, functional studies, host-pathogen interaction studies and many other areas of investigation.

The procedure presented herein is very simple and does not ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
DMEM	Gibco Life Technologies	21969-035
Fetal Calf Serum	Gibco Life Technologies	10270
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Gibco Life Technologies	15070
Glutamine	Gibco Life Technologies	25030-024
PBS (10x)	Lonza	BEM515F
Red Blood Cell Lysis buffer	Sigma	R7757
Cell strainer 70 μm Nylon	BD Falcon	352350
Cell strainer 40 μm Nylon	BD Falcon	352340
50 ml tubes	any supplier	n/a
15 ml tubes	any supplier	n/a
Petri dishes (100/20 mm)	any supplier	n/a	culture treated
Petri dishes (35/10 mm)	any supplier	n/a