An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Summary

Multi-component protein complexes play crucial roles during cellular function and development. Here we describe a method used to isolate native protein complexes from Drosophila embryos after in vivo crosslinking followed by purification of the crosslinked complexes for subsequent structure-function analysis.

Abstract

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to assemble. Therefore, to identify these functional protein complexes, it is important to stabilize them in vivo before cell lysis and subsequent purification. Here we describe a method used to isolate large bona fide protein complexes from Drosophila embryos. This method is based on embryo permeabilization and stabilization of the complexes inside the embryos by in vivo crosslinking using a low concentration of formaldehyde, which can easily cross the cell membrane. Subsequently, the protein complex of interest is immunopurified followed by gel purification and analyzed by mass spectrometry. We illustrate this method using purification of a Tudor protein complex, which is essential for germline development. Tudor is a large protein, which contains multiple Tudor domains - small modules that interact with methylated arginines or lysines of target proteins. This method can be adapted for isolation of native protein complexes from different organisms and tissues.

Introduction

Isolation of multisubunit protein assemblies and DNA- or RNA-protein complexes is performed to identify protein complexes, genomic loci recognized by DNA-binding regulatory proteins or RNA targets of RNA binding proteins. Different methods allow genome-wide identification of DNA sites recognized by transcription factors or chromatin proteins (ChIP-seq)¹ and RNA targets associated with a given RNA-binding protein (CLIP-seq)². The libraries of RNA-derived cDNAs or DNA targets are then deeply sequenced. These methods use chemical or UV-induced cross-linking to stabilize the complexes followed by immunoprecipitation (IP) with an antibody against a protein component of the studied complex.

During development of an organism, many protein complexes form transiently. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the composition and function of these complexes in vivo to understand the molecular mechanisms that control development. Such an in vivo analysis would be superior to in vitro approach since it is virtually impossible to reproduce native concentrations of the interacting components and cellular biochemical environment in vitro. Here we demonstrate an in vivo approach that we successfully use to isolate large protein complexes from Drosophila embryos. In this method, protein complexes in the living embryos are crosslinked with a low concentration of formaldehyde and subsequently protein complexes of interest are isolated by IP with an antibody against a known component of the complexes followed by gel purification of the complexes and mass spectrometry analysis to identify unknown complex components. Since formaldehyde is able to permeate the cell membrane and has a crosslinking range of 2.3-2.7 ų, protein complexes can be crosslinked in vivo and the complex components are likely to be close to each other. In this article we describe this method using the isolation of Tudor (Tud) protein complex as an example. Tud is a germline protein which is essential for germline development^4-7. This protein contains 11 Tud domains known to interact with methylated arginines or lysines of other polypeptides^8-10.

Previously, we have generated a transgenic Drosophila line which expresses HA-tagged functional Tud⁵ and therefore, specific anti-HA antibody is used to pull down Tud complex after crosslinking.

In addition to protein-protein crosslinks, formaldehyde can generate nucleic acid-protein crosslinks and is used in ChIP-seq experiments. Furthermore, in Drosophila, in vivo crosslinking with formaldehyde has allowed the identification of an RNA target of Vasa RNA helicase protein¹¹.

While in this article we describe a method for in vivo crosslinking and purification of protein complexes from Drosophila embryos, this method can be adapted for other organisms and tissues.

Protocol

1. Preparing Large Apple Juice-agar Plates

1. To make 4 plates, add 375 ml H₂O, 11.25 g fly agar and a stir bar to a 1,000 ml flask. This is Mix A. Autoclave Mix A with the flask lid loosely capped on one 30 min-sterilization cycle for liquid goods.
2. Add 125 ml apple juice, 12.5 g table sugar and a stir bar to a 500 ml beaker. This is Mix B. Heat Mix B on a heated platform while stirring and maintain the temperature at approximately 70 °C until the autoclaving of Mix A is finished.
3. Upon the completion of Mix A autoclaving, transfer Mix B to Mix A. Keep stirring the combined mixture gently and let it cool for 15 min. Avoid over-cooling and the resulted agar solidification before the addition of preservative.
4. Make 10% (weight/volume) methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate solution in ethanol. This will act as a preservative. Add 3.75 ml of the solution to the above apple juice-agar mixture. Keep stirring for another 5 min.
5. Pour 125 ml apple juice-agar mixture with preservative into each 300 cm² plastic or styrofoam plate. Let it cool to RT and solidify. Avoid the forming of air bubbles while pouring.
   Note: The apple juice-agar plates are ready to use immediately. Cover unused plates with clear wraps and store at 4 °C for up to a week.

2. Drosophila Embryo Collection and Pre-crosslinking Treatment

1. Load a population cage with approximately 40,000 to 50,000 flies from which embryos will be collected.
2. Make two plates each containing 125 ml of standard cornmeal-molasses medium¹² and sprinkle approximately 4 g of dried baker's yeast on each plate. Place these plates into the population cage in a 25 °C incubator for 48 hr to fatten the flies.
3. Warm 2 apple juice-agar plates to 25 °C. Sprinkle approximately 1 g of dried baker's yeast on each plate. Place the 2 plates in the population cage to start collecting 0-1 hr-old embryos.
4. Take out the plates at the end of the 1 hr collection. Replace with 2 new plates if another round of collection is needed.
5. Add enough water to cover the plates and resuspend the embryos gently with a fine paint brush. Pour the resuspended embryos through a two layer sieve made out of stainless steel wire mesh.
   Note: The top layer is made of medium pore size (850 μm) mesh which collects large fly parts while letting through embryos. The bottom layer is made of fine mesh (75 μm) which collects embryos while letting through yeast and water.
6. Use the fine paint brush to transfer the collected embryos into a collection basket made with a 50 ml tube and fine nylon mesh. Rinse the embryos briefly with water then blot the mesh on paper towels to dry.
7. Immerse the embryos in 50% bleach with gentle swirling for 3 min. Rinse thoroughly with water to remove any remaining bleach. Blot the mesh on paper towels to dry.
8. Immerse the dechorionated embryos in isopropanol with gentle agitation for 15 sec or until the breakdown of multi-embryo clumps (this should not take longer than 30 sec). Blot the mesh on paper towels to dry thoroughly.
9. Immerse the embryos in heptane for 5 min while using a pipette to stream heptane over the embryos to keep them resuspended. Blot the mesh on paper towels to dry.
10. Rinse the embryos with streams of Phosphate Buffered Saline, pH 7.4 (PBS) containing 0.1% Triton X-100 (PBST) for 3 min.
11. Disassemble the collection basket and transfer the embryos along with the mesh to a 15 ml tube containing 10 ml PBST. Invert the tube gently to wash the embryos off the mesh.
12. Remove the mesh from the tube. Put the tube in a vertical position and let the embryos sink to the bottom of the tube by gravity.
    Note: Approximately 100 - 300 μl of embryos is expected for a 1 hr collection from one cage.
13. Remove the PBST and continue to perform crosslinking immediately.

3. In vivo Crosslinking of Collected Embryos

1. Prepare 0.2% formaldehyde in PBST immediately before use. Add 10 ml of the formaldehyde fixative to the embryos and incubate at 25 °C with gentle agitation on a rotary shaker for 10 min. Discard unused fixative by the end of the day.
2. Quench the crosslinking reaction
   1. At the end of the crosslinking, let the embryos sink to the bottom of the tube.
   2. Remove the formaldehyde solution. Immediately add 10 ml of 0.25 M glycine in PBST to quench the crosslinking reaction. Incubate at 25 °C with gentle agitation on a rotary shaker for 5 min.
   3. Let the embryos sink to the bottom of the tube. Remove the quench solution. Wash the embryos with 10 ml of PBST three times.
   4. Completely remove the PBST wash solution using a pipette. Store embryos at -80 °C until use.

4. Protein Sample Preparation and Immunoprecipitation

1. Homogenize 500 μl crosslinked embryos using a Dounce homogenizer in 2 ml lysis buffer (0.5 M urea, 0.01% SDS, 2% Triton-X 100, 2 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride [PMSF] and protease inhibitor cocktail in PBS).
   Note: Perform this and the following steps at RT unless otherwise specified.
2. Transfer the lysate to 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes and gently rock on a rotating platform for 15 min to ensure thorough lysis. Centrifuge the lysate at 16,000 x g for 5 min to pellet cellular debris. Save the supernatant in a clean 15 ml tube.
3. Add 40 μl anti-HA agarose beads slurry to the supernatant and incubate on a rotating platform for 2.5 hr.
4. Pellet the beads by centrifugation at 2,500 x g for 5 min. Remove the supernatant but leave approximately 250 μl in the tube. Resuspend the beads in the remaining supernatant and transfer to a 1.5 ml spin column with 10-μm pore filter.
5. Centrifuge the spin column at 12,000 x g for 10 sec and discard the flow through.
6. Wash the beads by adding 200 μl wash buffer (0.1 M glycine, 1 M NaCl, 1% IGEPAL CA-630, 0.1% Tween-20, in PBS). Centrifuge the column at 12,000 x g for 10 sec and discard the wash. Repeat the wash two more times.
7. Add 40 μl elution buffer (2 mg/ml HA-peptide in PBS) to the beads and incubate at 37 °C for 15 min with gentle agitation every 5 min. Centrifuge the column at 12,000 x g for 10 sec and collect the eluate.
8. Confirm elution of the complex by western-blot analysis using anti-HA antibody¹³.

Results

The effectiveness of the crosslinking and the successful purification of the crosslinked Tud protein complex were analyzed by SDS-PAGE on a 3% - 7% step gel (illustrated in Figure 1) followed by western blot (Figure 2).

The purpose of using the 3% - 7% step gel is based on the effective separation of crosslinked Tud protein complex from the remaining uncrosslinked Tud protein and concentration of the complex. Under our in vivo crosslinking conditions ...

Discussion

Formaldehyde has been commonly used as a crosslinking reagent for identifying protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Its good solubility and cell membrane permeability, together with the compatibility with downstream mass spectrometry procedures, make formaldehyde an ideal candidate agent for intracellular crosslinking applications^3,15-17. In particular, it was successfully used to identify mRNAs associated with Vasa, a critical germ cell RNA helicase in Drosophila¹¹. In add...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Drosophila agar	Lab Scientific (http://www.labscientific.com/)	FLY-8020-1	Do not autoclave the water and agar mix for prolonged period of time as it will cause the apple juice plates to become fragile
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)	H5501	Other name: TEGOSEPT
Population cage	Flystuff (http://www.flystuff.com/)	59-104
Fine nylon mesh	Flystuff (http://www.flystuff.com/)	57-102	When making the collection basket, cut the mesh slightly larger than the opening of the falcon tube cap to ensure a tight seal
Dounce homogenizer	Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)	D8938-1SET	Chill the homogenizer on ice and prerinse with cold lysis buffer before use to prevent protein degradation
Protease inhibitor cocktail	Roche (http://www.rocheusa.com/portal/usa)	4693132001	PBS could be used to prepare concentrated protease inhibitor stock solution
Anti-HA agarose beads	MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)	561-8	The kit also includes HA-peptide and spin columns
HA-peptide	MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)	561-8	Prepare to 2 mg/ml with PBS
Spin Column	MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)	561-8	Spin columns are included as part of the kit
Isopropanol	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	BP26324
Triton X-100	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	BP151-500
Heptane	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	H350-4
PBS	Invitrogen (https://www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home.html)	AM9625	Dilute from 10X to 1X with nanopure water before use
Formaldehyde	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	BP531-500
Glycine	BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/‎)	161-0724
SDS	BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/‎)	161-0301
Urea	BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/‎)	161-0730
Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride	Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)	P7626-1G	Prepare 200 mM stock solution in isopropanol then dilute to working concentration of 2 mM in lysis buffer
IGEPAL CA-630	Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)	I8896-50ML
Tween 20	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	BP337-100
15-ml tubes	USA Scientific (http://www.usascientific.com/)	1475-0511
Bleach	Clorox brand		Dilute with equal volume of nanopure water to make 50% bleach
50-ml tubes	BD Biosciences (http://www.bdbiosciences.com/home.jsp)	352098
Top layer sieve	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	04-884-1AK
Bottom layer sieve	Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/‎)	04-884-1BA