Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Summary

Cochlear implants (CIs) enable hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. However, poor frequency and intensity resolution limits the quality of hearing with CIs. Here we describe optogenetic stimulation of the auditory nerve in mice as an alternative strategy for auditory research and developing future CIs.

Abstract

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted deaf subjects^1-6. Nonetheless, sound coding with current CIs has poor frequency and intensity resolution due to broad current spread from each electrode contact activating a large number of SGNs along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea^7-9. Optical stimulation is proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation that promises spatially more confined activation of SGNs and, hence, higher frequency resolution of coding. In recent years, direct infrared illumination of the cochlea has been used to evoke responses in the auditory nerve¹⁰. Nevertheless it requires higher energies than electrical stimulation^10,11 and uncertainty remains as to the underlying mechanism¹². Here we describe a method based on optogenetics to stimulate SGNs with low intensity blue light, using transgenic mice with neuronal expression of channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)¹³ or virus-mediated expression of the ChR2-variant CatCh¹⁴. We used micro-light emitting diodes (µLEDs) and fiber-coupled lasers to stimulate ChR2-expressing SGNs through a small artificial opening (cochleostomy) or the round window. We assayed the responses by scalp recordings of light-evoked potentials (optogenetic auditory brainstem response: oABR) or by microelectrode recordings from the auditory pathway and compared them with acoustic and electrical stimulation.

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, 360 million people worldwide suffer from hearing loss. In deaf subjects, direct electrical stimulation of SGNs by CIs enable open speech comprehension in the majority of them^1,2,4,5. Even though CIs have been implanted in more than 200,000 people, therefore being the most successful neuroprosthesis, sound encoding driven by the current cochlear implants is limited. CIs are based on electrical stimulation by a certain number of electrodes where each one activates a tonotopic region of the auditory nerve thus bypassing the dysfunctional sensory organ of Corti in the cochlea. Normal hearing listeners can discrim....

Protocol

All experiments presented in this work were conducted with the ethical standards defined by the German law for the protection of experimental animals. The University of Goettingen board for animal welfare and the animal welfare office of the state of Lower Saxony approved the experiments.

1. Preparation of µLED-stimulator

1. For µLEDs, first prepare the µLED-stimulator. Use blue LEDs with 200 by 200 μm active surface (µLED, see Materials Table).
2. Solder wires to the µLED. Then, encapsulate the μLED and the connections using epoxy glue. Leave the device overnight to let the epoxy cure.

Results

An optimal cochleostomy is critical and increases the probability of a successful experiment. This means the window is regular, small, and there is no injury of the internal cochlear structures. For example, bleeding indicates damage of the stria vascularis. A good example is presented in Figure 1B.

Using ChR2-transgenic mice, ChR2 is expressed in the SGNs within the cochlea (Figure 1C). Blue light illumination, either by µLED or laser, elicit.......

Discussion

The described experiments demonstrate the optogenetic stimulation of the SGNs, and can, in principle, also be used to stimulate inner and/or outer hair cells, provided the expression of opsins. These experiments require much patience and care. As mentioned before, the most critical steps are a good cochleostomy/round window insertion as well as an appropriate position and orientation of the light source.

There are limitations with optogenetic stimulation when using ChR2. In our case oABR ampli.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Urethane	Sigma Aldrich	U2500-100G	Anesthetic
Xylazine HCl	RXV		Sedative and analgesic
Buprenorphine	Reckitt Benckiser		Analgesic
Dumont #5 Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11251-10	It is used to hold hard tissue, e.g. bone or materials. Never use them to hold soft delicated tissue
Dumont #5 - Fine Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11254-20	Only to be used to hold soft tissue
Fine Scissors - Sharp	Fine Science Tools	14060-09	To open the skin and help with the muscle dissection
Lempert Rongeurs	Fine Science Tools	16004-16	They are very useful to easily remove the bone from the bulla
473 nm laser	Changchun New Industries	MLL-III473	100 mW solid state 473 nm laser
Laser driver	Changchun New Industries	DPSSL MLL 100 mW	TTL operated laser driver
250 µm optical fiber	Any comercial ; e.g. Thorlabs	M42L05
Acousto-optical modulator	Crystal Technology, Inc.	PCAOM VIS	Control the amount of light coupled into the fiber from the laser
Controller for Acousto-optical modulator	Crystal Technology, Inc.	160T1-8SAR-24-0.8	Control the acousto-optic modulator
Solo2 laser power & energy meter	Gentec-EO		Used to measure light intensity of the LED and the fiber coupled laser
Blue µLED	Cree	C470UT200	It is necessary to build several μLED devices because easily get damaged or the isolation is not good enough
TDT System	Tucker-Davis Technologies	RZ6-A-P1	It can be used any system for stimulus generation  presentation and data acquisition
Single-shank, 16-channel silicon probe	Neuronexus	a1x16-5mm-100-177-CM16LP	These are fragile devises, must be handled carefully and cleaned after use
Omnidrill	World Precision Instruments	503598	Perform craniotomy for IC recordings and reference screw implantation
Micro Drill Steel Burrs	any commercial; e.g. Fine Science Tools	19007-07
Self tapping bone screw	any commercial; e.g. Fine Science Tools	19010-10	Reference screw
Micromanipulator	any commercial; e.g. Luigs+NeumannInVivo Unit Junior 4 axis		Positioning of recording probe