JoVE Journal > Behavior
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
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Behavior

De Gedwongen Swim Test als een model van Depressieve-achtig gedrag

Published: March 02, 2015
doi:
10.3791/52587
, , ,
1School of Psychological Sciences,Tel-Aviv University, 2School of Behavioral Sciences,Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, 3Department of Education and Psychology,The Open University of Israel, 4School of Health and Life Sciences,Hadassah Academic College

Summary

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Abstract

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

Introduction

Depressie is een levensbedreigende psychiatrische stoornis en een belangrijk probleem voor de volksgezondheid in de wereld met een incidentie van 5% en een prevalentie van 15-20%. Bovendien wordt geschat dat in 2020 depressie zal worden in de top drie bijdragen aan de ziektelast 1,2. Depressie wordt geassocieerd met een handicap, verminderde kwaliteit van leven, verhoogde gezondheid te hebben en als een belangrijke risicofactor voor veel ziekten, waaronder cardiovasculaire, metabole en neuropsychiatrische stoornissen 3,4 .Current farmacotherapeutische behandelingen beperkt werkzaam en zijn geassocieerd met veel schadelijke bijwerkingen 5,6. Daarom is een beter begrip van de pathofysiologie van deze aandoening samen met de ontwikkeling van innovatieve en verbeterde behandelingen blijft cruciaal. Vandaar diermodellen essentieel voor het bevorderen van onderzoek op dit gebied.

Er zijn vele modellen voor de studie van deze stoornis (<em> bv sucrose preferentie test, staart schorsing test) met de gedwongen zwemmen test (FST, ook wel bekend als Porsolt's test na de ontwikkelaar van dit model 7,8) als een van de meest gebruikte tests 7,9-12.

Tijdens de FST een dier in een bak met water waaruit niet kan ontsnappen. Het dier zal eerst proberen te ontsnappen, maar uiteindelijk zal vertonen immobiliteit (dwz drijven met de afwezigheid van enige beweging dan die welke noodzakelijk voor het houden van de neus boven water). De FST is een zeer populair model van proefdieronderzoek voor een aantal redenen. Ten eerste omvat de blootstelling van de dieren stress, die bleek een rol bij de neiging hebben voor depressie 12-14. Bovendien depressie wordt vaak gezien als een gebrek aan vermogen te behandelen met stress 15-17. Ten tweede heeft farmacologische behandeling met antidepressiva voor de proef is aangetoond dat immobiliteit verlagen de FST <sup> 18-23. Daarom wordt vaak gebruikt als een screeningstest voor nieuwe verbindingen met antidepressieve eigenschappen 15-17,24. Daarnaast is de FST aantoonbaar enkele van de factoren die worden beïnvloed of gewijzigd door depressie bij mensen, zoals veranderingen in voedselconsumptie, slaap afwijkingen en deel drugs terugtrekking geïnduceerde anhedonie 15-17,24. Dit is ook de reden waarom deze test soms gebruikt depressieve-achtig gedrag in mutante muizen, met een toename of afname in basale onbeweeglijkheid evalueren (vergelijking "wild-type" muizen) 25,26.

Protocol

OPMERKING: Alle experimentele protocollen werden goedgekeurd door het Internationale Comité voor Animal Care en gebruik in Israël. Alle inspanningen werden gedaan om het aantal gebruikte dieren en hun lijden te minimaliseren. 1. Voorbereiding van de Gedwongen Swim Test Gebruik twee aangrenzende kamers. Gebruik een kamer als een "wachtkamer" voor voorafgaande houden van de dieren aan gedragstesten, en de andere voor het uitvoeren van de procedure. Bereid trans…

Representative Results

De volgende resultaten zijn gebaseerd op ongepubliceerde gegevens uit ons laboratorium. In dit experiment werden volwassen ICR vrouwelijke muizen getest na 3 weken behandeling met de selectieve serotonine heropname remmer (SSRI) escitalopram of nieuwe kruiden anti-depressieve en anti-angst behandeling (NHT) (voor extra informatie over de kruiden-behandeling, zie 12 , 27,28). One-way ANOVA toonde dat de behandeling verlaagde depressieve-achtig gedrag in de FST [F (2,58) = 4.88, p <0.05]. Eenzijdige Dunnet a…

Discussion

FST wordt gebruikt depressieve-achtig gedrag volgen en is gebaseerd op de veronderstelling dat immobiliteit weerspiegelt een maat gedrags- wanhoop 3. De belangrijkste voordelen van deze werkwijze liggen in de relatief eenvoudige bediening en snelle resultaten. Bovendien zijn gevoeligheid voor een groot aantal antidepressiva dat het een geschikte screeningstest maakt, is een van de belangrijkste eigenschappen die tot de hoge voorspellende waarde 29. Belangrijk is, kan deze test ook onderscheid tusse…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 738/11), by the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel (NIPI-7-2011-12), and by the Open University Foundation

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Computer Dell intel(r) core(tm) i3-2120 cpu @ 3.30ghz, 4GB ram
Camera VIDO AU-CB422 B/W CCD CAMERA 
http://www.vido-europe.com/products_detail.asp?id=33&pcategory=2
Coding software Biobserve FST Analysis
http://www.biobserve.com/products/fst/index.html
Heating lamp Ikea AA-19025-3 ESPRESSIVIO 400.504.46 - 20W G4 Bulb 
http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/assembly/E/E00050467.pdf
Heating pillow Sachs EF-188B 38*38cm Heating pillow
http://www.sachs.co.il/eng/lego_tree.php?instance_id=21&actions=show&id=
604
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Tags

Forced Swim TestDepressive-like BehaviorRodent ModelBehavioral DespairStressAntidepressant DrugsPredictive ValidityChronic AugmentationBrain Structure/function

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Yankelevitch-Yahav, R., Franko, M., Huly, A., Doron, R. The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior. J. Vis. Exp. (97), e52587, doi:10.3791/52587 (2015).
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