Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

Summary

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

Abstract

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Introduction

Mammary gland branching is a characteristic that is commonly assessed as an indicator of gland development, but it is difficult to objectively quantify. In 1953, Sholl¹ described a method for measuring neuronal dendritic arborization in the visual and motor cortices of the cat, and a plugin for this technique was developed by Ferriera et al². Because both neurons and mammary glands exhibit a similar tree-like structure, the plugin was employed to quantify mammary epithelial branching densities in 2D images of the peripubertal rat mammary gland. The peripubertal stage was chosen for analysis because weaning is a ....

Protocol

All animal use and procedures for this study were approved by the NIEHS Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee and conducted in an Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care-accredited facility.

1. Excise Mammary Glands

1. Pre-label all slides using a xylene-proof method (pencil works best). Cover them with mounting solution at the end to preserve the label.
2. Euthanize the animal by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved method.
3. After euthanasia, place the animal on its back on a dissecting board (Figure 1). Stretch and pin down all four....

Results

The values for the measured enclosed radius, MEA, N, k, and calculated branching density for the mammary gland analyzed in this protocol are reported in Table 1. The Sholl analysis generates linear and semi-log plots of the number of intersections at each radius (Figure 9) and, if selected, a heat map of the intersections (Figure 10). Less-developed glands exhibit fewer intersections within the same MEA .......

Discussion

From birth until puberty, mammary gland growth is allometric. After puberty, the mammary gland develops through extensive ductal branching and elongation, which continue until the mammary epithelium occupies the entire fat pad. Branching characteristics are an important aspect of mammary gland development, and the ability to objectively quantify these characteristics can be highly useful for assessing normal mammary development and for identifying abnormal development following early life exposures to mammary toxicants.<.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Dissecting board	NA	NA	A piece of styrofoam roughly 10"x12" is suitable.
Dissecting T-Pins	Daigger	EF7419A
Spray bottle with ethanol	NA	NA	70% ethanol is suitable.
Curved dissecting scissors	Fine Science Tools	14569-09
Straight dissecing scissors	Fine Science Tools	14568-09
Curved forceps	Fine Science Tools	11003-12
Superfrost Plus 24 x 75 x 1 mm microscope slides	ThermoFisher Scientific	4951PLUS-001	Thermo Scientific Superfrost Plus & Colorfrost Plus slides hold tissue sections on permanently without the need for expensive coatings in IHC and Anatomical Pathology applications. This treatment reduces tissue loss during staining as well as hours of slide preparation. Slides electro-statically attract frozen tissue sections and cytology preparations and feature a chemistry similar to silane, although optimized to improve application performance. https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/4951PLUS4.
Fisherfinest Premium Cover Glass 24 x 60 x 1 mm	Fisher scientific	12-548-5P
Bemis Parafilm M Laboratory Wrapping Film	Fisher scientific	13-374-12
Chloroform	Sigma-Aldrich	C2432
Glacial acetic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	A9967
Ethanol absolute, ≥99.8% (GC)	Sigma-Aldrich	24102
Xylene	Sigma-Aldrich	214736
Carmine alum	Sigma-Aldrich	C1022
Aluminum potassium sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	A6435
Permount mounting media	Fisher Scientific	SP15
Macroscope	Leica	Z16 APO	This is the image capturing hardware and software used in this laboratory.  As there are many different options, the methods and applications may vary between laboratories.
Digital camera	Leica	DFC295
Camera software	Leica	Leica Application Suite v3.1
ImageJ software	Open source	http://imagej.net/Welcome
Sholl analysis	Open source	http://imagej.net/Sholl_Analysis