支气管肺泡灌洗外来体在脂多糖致脓毒性肺损伤中的作用
Summary
暴露于腹腔内的 LPS 分泌外来体的小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗 (球) 液, 包装与 miRNAs。使用共培养系统, 我们表明, 外来体释放的球液扰乱支气管上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白的表达, 并增加支持炎症细胞因子的表达, 加重肺损伤。
Abstract
急性肺损伤 (ALI) 和急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS) 是一种不同种类的肺部疾病, 持续高发病率和死亡率。阿里的分子发病机制得到了更好的界定;然而, 由于疾病的复杂性质, 分子疗法还有待开发。在这里, 我们使用脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导小鼠急性脓毒性肺损伤模型, 描绘了外来体在炎症反应中的作用。使用这个模型, 我们可以表明, 暴露于腹腔内 LPS 分泌外来体的小鼠从肺部的支气管肺泡灌洗 (球) 液中, 包裹着 miRNA 和细胞因子, 调节炎症反应。进一步使用共培养模型系统, 我们表明, 外来体释放的巨噬细胞扰乱紧张连接蛋白的表达在支气管上皮干细胞。这些结果表明, 1) 通过 exosomal 穿梭的先天免疫和结构细胞之间的交叉交谈, 有助于炎症反应和破坏的结构屏障和 2) 针对这些 miRNAs 可能提供一个新的平台, 以治疗阿里和 ARDS。
Introduction
阿里和 ARDS 是一种危及生命的呼吸衰竭, 其严重的低氧血症由非心源性肺水肿引起, 每年全球约有100万人感染1。急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病因包括感染或吸入对肺部的直接损伤和各种间接侮辱。在过去的十年中, 人们对 ards 的分子发病机制有了越来越多的了解, 但是, 针对 ards 的特定靶向治疗还有待开发2,3。
建立了几种急性肺损伤动物模型, 为人类研究的实验治疗提供了一座桥梁4,5。通常使用的模型包括油酸、细菌、LPS 和博莱霉素的本地安装。其他方法包括缺血再灌注、盲肠结扎穿刺、机械通气引起的伸展损伤、高氧或系统性细菌的管理和 LPS5。这些模型提供了一个有用的生物学系统来测试临床假说和发展潜在的治疗方法。为了模拟人 ARDS, 动物模型应重现炎症和急性损伤的上皮和内皮细胞的缺陷, 在屏障功能的肺部。
外来体是 20-200 nm 直径的膜泡, 其分子含量包含蛋白质、DNA、RNA 和脂质, 并通过分子组成转移促进组织微环境中的细胞间通信。外来体由多种类型的细胞分泌, 如内皮细胞、上皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和肿瘤细胞, 并存在于人体体液中。研究表明, 外来体调节免疫细胞和基质细胞在传染性和无菌炎症性疾病中的交叉交谈, 其异常释放似乎受到各种自然和实验性刺激的调节, 在生理和病理过程6。这种通信网络可能在肺部疾病的发病机制中发挥重要作用, 并可能影响病理生理学进展7,8。作为 18-22 核苷酸非编码 rna, miRNAs 存在于组织和体液, 血浆, 血清和调制 mRNA 表达在后平移水平9,10。
包装 miRNAs 在外来体影响分化和多种类型细胞的功能, 过多的水平是与各种疾病, 包括癌症, 肺部疾病, 肥胖, 糖尿病和心血管疾病, 11, 12,13,14,15,16。进入接受细胞和穿梭 exosomal miRNAs 促进细胞间通讯, 改变微环境的止血17,18。急性肺损伤是一个复杂的过程, 涉及多细胞类型与广泛的细胞间通讯通过外来体 8.miR-155 和 miR-146a 共享共同的转录调节机制, 并有助于炎症反应和免疫耐受性19,20。最近的研究表明, 两种调节炎症反应通过 exosomal miRNAs 穿梭在免疫细胞之间的21。然而, exosomal miRNAs 对内毒素的肺泡反应的调节作用的分子机制尚不清楚, 毫无疑问, 潜在的临床相关性和转化暗示值得进一步研究。
共用培养模型用于定义复杂环境中特定细胞类型的相互作用, 如炎症和癌症22,23。这些平台提供了一个替代的策略, 以询问细胞类型之间的交叉谈话, 特别是免疫和结构细胞。
内毒素的气管内、雾化、腹腔或全身管理被广泛用于诱发实验性肺损伤24,25,26, 并显示诱导上皮和内皮渗透性缺陷。在这里我们用腹腔内毒素诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的脓毒性模型。在内毒素腹腔内24小时内, 肺部出现通透性缺损, 并招募炎症细胞。此外, 我们还表明, 外来体从 miRNA-155 和 miR-146a, 和外来体从球液诱导促炎细胞因子表达的受体上皮细胞, 包括 IL-6 和 TNF α。这些数据是首次表明, exosomal miRNAs 是分泌的急性脓毒症肺损伤模型。
Protocol
总的协议需要2天, 包括第一天的败血症诱导和分离从动物的球液, 第二天的外来体隔离从老鼠 BALF。所有程序都已由亚特兰大 VA 医疗中心的机构动物护理和使用委员会审查和批准。 1. 小鼠急性脓毒性肺损伤模型 使用 6-8 周-老雄性野生型 C57BL/6J 小鼠 (重量 20-22 克) 的动物模型, 并执行所有程序使用无菌技术和仪器。高压釜所有手术器械, 包括镊子和剪刀, 20 分钟121摄氏度?…
Representative Results
为诱发脓毒性肺损伤, 小鼠采用腹腔内 LPS (15 毫克/千克) 治疗。在 LPS 管理的24小时内, 中性的涌入出现在肺部, 如图 1A所示。绘制了小鼠球液, 然后分离纯化了外来体。用电子透射显微镜 (图 1B) 证实了 BALF 外来体的形态学。 从纯化外来体中检测 miRNA-155 和 miR-146a 的选择性促炎 miRNAs ?…
Discussion
小鼠疾病模型通常用于评估特定基因的生理功能, 并降低实验费用2。这里描述的急性脓毒性肺损伤模仿人与 ARDS 的炎症反应。该模型与研究分子发病机制、生物标志物的发展以及测试潜在的新疗法5有关。
共培养系统与体内研究有关, 它是在对体外系统23、30中的生物分子 (如 RNA、DNA、脂质?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
作者宣布没有利益冲突。
Materials
| lipopolysaccharide | Sigma-Aldrich | Escherichia coli 055:B5 | |
| PBS pH7.2(1X) | Life technologies | 20012-027 | |
| mirVana miRNA isolation kit | Thermo Fisher | 449774 | |
| TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix | Thermo Fisher | 4369016 | |
| mmu-miR-155 (002571) primer | Thermo Fisher | 4427975 | |
| has-miR-146a (000468) primer | Thermo Fisher | 4427975 | |
| U6snRNA primer | Thermo Fisher | 4427975 | |
| TNF-α(Mm00443258_m1 ) primer | Thermo Fisher | 4331182 | |
| IL-6 (Mm00446190_m1 )primer | Thermo Fisher | 4331182 | |
| ZO-1 (Mm00493699_m1 )primer | Thermo Fisher | 4331182 | |
| minimal essential medium (MEM) | Thermo Fisher | 11095-072 | |
| Trysin-EDTA solution(0.05%) | Thermo Fisher | 25300054 | |
| Exosomes were labeled with PKH67 through PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell linker Mini Kit | Sigma-Aldrich | MINI67-1KT | |
| Exosome Spin Columns (MW3000) | Thermo Fisher | 4484449 | |
| Beckman Coulter Optima L-100XP ultracentrifuge | Beckman Coulter | L-100XP | |
| Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes | Beckman Coulter | 344058 | |
| Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System | Thermo Fisher | ||
| transmission electron microscopes (TEM) | JEOL Ltd | 120 kV TEM | |
| Olympus BX41 microscope | Olympus | BX41 |
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Cite This Article
Yuan, Z., Bedi, B., Sadikot, R. T. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Exosomes in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Septic Lung Injury. J. Vis. Exp. (135), e57737, doi:10.3791/57737 (2018).