Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

Summary

Imaging of bacterial cells is an emerging systems biology approach focused on defining static and dynamic processes that dictate the function of large macromolecular machines. Here, integration of quantitative live cell imaging and cryo-electron tomography is used to study Legionella pneumophila type IV secretion system architecture and functions.

Abstract

The Dot/Icm secretion system of Legionella pneumophila is a complex type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine that localizes at the bacterial pole and mediates the delivery of protein and DNA substrates to target cells, a process generally requiring direct cell-to-cell contact. We have recently solved the structure of the Dot/Icm apparatus by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and showed that it forms a cell envelope-spanning channel that connects to a cytoplasmic complex. Applying two complementary approaches that preserve the native structure of the specimen, fluorescent microscopy in living cells and cryo-ET, allows in situ visualization of proteins and assimilation of the stoichiometry and timing of production of each machine component relative to other Dot/Icm subunits. To investigate the requirements for polar positioning and to characterize dynamic features associated with T4SS machine biogenesis, we have fused a gene encoding superfolder green fluorescent protein to Dot/Icm ATPase genes at their native positions on the chromosome. The following method integrates quantitative fluorescence microscopy of living cells and cryo-ET to quantify polar localization, dynamics, and structure of these proteins in intact bacterial cells. Applying these approaches for studying the Legionella pneumophila T4SS is useful for characterizing the function of the Dot/Icm system and can be adapted to study a wide variety of bacterial pathogens that utilize the T4SS or other types of bacterial secretion complexes.

Introduction

Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila), the etiological agent of Legionnaires' disease, inhabits freshwater reservoirs, where the bacteria propagate by infecting and replicating within aquatic free-swimming protozoa. L. pneumophila causes disease outbreaks in humans when inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from potable water sources occurs. In infected cells, subversion of host pathways allows L. pneumophila to delay endocytic maturation of the vacuole in which it resides and to promote biogenesis of a cellular compartment that supports bacterial replication. This process is driven by a specialized bacterial type IVB secretion s....

Protocol

NOTE: All procedures involving the growth, manipulation, and imaging of L. pneumophila should be performed in a biological safety level 2 laboratory in compliance with local guidelines.

1. Insertion of sfGFP into L. pneumophila Chromosome Using Allelic Exchange and Double Selection Strategy (Figure 2, Figure 3)

1. Clone into the gene replacement vector pSR47S¹¹ the following sequence: the 1,000 bp upstream of the site of interest, then the sfGFP sequence, then the 1,000 bp downstream of the site of interest (Fi....

Results

Homologous recombination with double selection in two steps was used to construct the defined insertion of sfGFP. In the first step, triparental mating was performed, where the pRK600 conjugative plasmid (an IncP plasmid) from the E. coli helper strain MT616 was mobilized to the donor E. coli strain with the suicide vector pSR47S containing the sfGFP gene flanked by the two homologous regions, the origin of transfer oriT and the Bacillus subtilis counterselection gene sacB. Next, the c.......

Discussion

Elucidating the functions of bacterial secretion systems is key to a complete understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Secretion systems are complex machines that can inject effectors proteins into host cells, and in some cases promote establishment of a subcellular niche that supports bacterial replication. The above method provides important new tools for studying the Dot/Icm secretion system of the respiratory bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila, yielding clues to the mechanisms of effector transloc.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10 nm colloidal gold particles	Aurion	25486
100x Plan Apo objective (1.4 NA)	Nikon
ACES	Sigma-Aldrich	A9758
Activated charcoal	Sigma-Aldrich	C5510
Agaroze GPG/LMP, low melt	American bioanalytical	AB00981
Bacto dehydrated agar	BD	214010
CoolSNAP EZ 20 MHz digital monochrome camera	Photometrics
Gene Frame, 1.7x2.8 cm, 125 µL	Fisher Scientific	AB-0578
Holey Carbon grid R 2/1 Cu 200 mesh	Quantifoil	Q225-CR1
Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	216828
K2 Summit camera for cryo-EM	GATAN
L-Cysteine	Sigma-Aldrich	C7352
Microscope cover slides 22x22 mm	Fisher Scientific	12-542B
Microscope cover slides 24x50 mm	Fisher Scientific	12-545K
Microscope slides 25x75x1 mm	Globe Scientific	1380
SlideBook 6.0	Intelligent Imaging Innovations
Spectra X light engine	Lumencor
Taq 2X Master Mix	New England BioLabs	M0270
Titan Krios	Thermo Fisher Scientific
Yeast Extract	BD	212750