Whole-Brain Single-Cell Imaging and Analysis of Intact Neonatal Mouse Brains Using MRI, Tissue Clearing, and Light-Sheet Microscopy

Summary

This protocol describes methods for conducting magnetic resonance imaging, clearing, and immunolabeling of intact mouse brains using iDISCO+, followed by a detailed description of imaging using light-sheet microscopy, and downstream analyses using NuMorph.

Abstract

Tissue clearing followed by light-sheet microscopy (LSFM) enables cellular-resolution imaging of intact brain structure, allowing quantitative analysis of structural changes caused by genetic or environmental perturbations. Whole-brain imaging results in more accurate quantification of cells and the study of region-specific differences that may be missed with commonly used microscopy of physically sectioned tissue. Using light-sheet microscopy to image cleared brains greatly increases acquisition speed as compared to confocal microscopy. Although these images produce very large amounts of brain structural data, most computational tools that perform feature quantification in images of cleared tissue are limited to counting sparse cell populations, rather than all nuclei.

Here, we demonstrate NuMorph (Nuclear-Based Morphometry), a group of analysis tools, to quantify all nuclei and nuclear markers within annotated regions of a postnatal day 4 (P4) mouse brain after clearing and imaging on a light-sheet microscope. We describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure brain volume prior to shrinkage caused by tissue clearing dehydration steps, tissue clearing using the iDISCO+ method, including immunolabeling, followed by light-sheet microscopy using a commercially available platform to image mouse brains at cellular resolution. We then demonstrate this image analysis pipeline using NuMorph, which is used to correct intensity differences, stitch image tiles, align multiple channels, count nuclei, and annotate brain regions through registration to publicly available atlases.

We designed this approach using publicly available protocols and software, allowing any researcher with the necessary microscope and computational resources to perform these techniques. These tissue clearing, imaging, and computational tools allow measurement and quantification of the three-dimensional (3D) organization of cell-types in the cortex and should be widely applicable to any wild-type/knockout mouse study design.

Introduction

Whole-brain imaging at single-cell resolution is an important challenge in neuroscience. Cellular-resolution brain images allow for detailed analysis and system-level mapping of brain circuitry and how that circuitry is disrupted by genetic or environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders, cellular behavior in developing embryos, as well as neural circuits in the adult brain^1,2,3. There are multiple histological methods that allow for high-resolution images of the reconstructed 3D brain; however, these techniques require expensive, specialized equipment, may not b....

Protocol

All mice were used in accordance with and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

1. Mouse dissection and perfusion

NOTE: The following dissections were performed on P4 and P14 mice using a syringe. The volume of perfusion fluid will vary depending on the age of the animal.

1. Perfusion
   CAUTION: Paraformaldehyde (PFA) is a hazardous chemical. Perform all perfusion steps in a chemical fume hood.
   1. Prior to surgery, administer pentobarbital via intraperitoneal injection (100 mg/kg) and....

Results

As the iDISCO+ protocol introduces significant tissue shrinkage, which is easily noticeable by eye (Figure 2B), we added an MRI step to this pipeline prior to tissue clearing to quantify the shrinkage induced by tissue clearing. The workflow starts with removal of the non-brain tissue from the MR image (Figure 2C). Next, a rigid transformation (3 translation and 3 rotation angles) is applied to align the MR image to the light-sheet image (Fi.......

Discussion

Tissue clearing methods are useful techniques for measuring 3D cellular organization of the brain. There are a host of tissue clearing methods described in the literature, each with its advantages and limitations^6,7,8,9. The options for computational tools to analyze the cell types in the tissue-cleared images are relatively limited. Other available tools have been implemented to sparse cell po.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Bruker 9.4T/30 cm MRI Scanner	Bruker Biospec		Horizontal Bore Animal MRI System
Dibenzyl ether	Sigma-Aldrich	108014-1KG
Dichloromethane (DCM)	Sigma-Aldrich	270997-1L
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)	Fisher-Scientific	ICN19605590
Donkey serum	Sigma-Aldrich	S30-100ML
EVO 860 4TB external SSD
Fomblin Y	Speciality Fluids Company	YL-VAC-25-6	perfluoropolyether lubricant
gadolinium contrast agent (ProHance)	Bracco Diagnostics	A9576
gadolinium contrast agent(ProHance)	Bracco Diagnostics	0270-1111-03
GeForce GTX 1080 Ti 11GB GPU	EVGA	08G-P4-6286-KR
Glycine	Sigma-Aldrich	G7126-500G
Heparin sodium salt	Sigma-Aldrich	H3393-10KU	Dissolved in H2O to 10 mg/mL
Hydrogen peroxide solution, 30%	Sigma-Aldrich	H1009-100ML
ImSpector Pro	LaVision BioTec		Microscope image acquisition software
ITK Snap			segmentation software
Methanol	Fisher-Scientific	A412SK-4
MVPLAPO 2x/0.5 NA Objective	Olympus
Paraformaldehyde, powder, 95% (PFA)	Sigma-Aldrich	30525-89-4	Dissolved in 1x PBS to 4%
Phosphate Buffered Saline 10x (PBS)	Corning	46-013-CM	Diluted to 1x in H2O
Sodium Azide	Sigma-Aldrich	S2002-100G	Dissolved in H2O to 10%
Sodium deoxycholate	Sigma-Aldrich	D6750-10G
Tergitol type NP-40	Sigma-Aldrich	NP40S-100ML
TritonX-100	Sigma-Aldrich	T8787-50ML
Tween-20	Fisher-Scientific	BP337 500
Ultramicroscope II Light Sheet Microscope	LaVision BioTec
Xeon Processor E5-2690 v4	Intel	E5-2690
Zyla sCMOS Camera	Andor		Complementary metal oxide semiconductor camera
Antibody			Working concentration
Alexa Fluor Goat 790 Anti-Rabbit	Thermofisher Scientific	A11369	(1:50)
Alexa Fluor Goat 568 Anti-Rat	Thermofisher Scientific	A11077	(1:200)
Rat anti-Ctip2	Abcam	ab18465	(1:400)
Rabbit anti-Brn2	Cell Signaling Technology	12137	(1:100)
To-Pro 3 (TP3)	Thermofisher Scientific	T3605	(1:400)