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Medicine

穴位应用联合穴位按摩治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者便秘

Published: August 18, 2023 doi: 10.3791/64900
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

在这里,我们展示了穴位应用与穴位按摩相结合治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) 患者便秘的方法。

Abstract

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是老年患者常见且常见的疾病,有进行性加重的趋势。便秘会降低生活质量并引发疾病风险,是慢性阻塞性肺病患者的常见伴随症状。目前,西医治疗对患者来说并没有达到预期的效果。随之而来的是高复发率,而中医在治疗慢性病方面有着悠久的历史和丰富的经验。穴位敷和穴位按摩都是中医的特色疗法,副作用小,安全性高,操作简单,优点突出。它们可有效治疗慢性阻塞性肺病患者的便秘,被认为是慢性便秘患者的理想替代疗法。本文旨在介绍穴位应用结合穴位按摩治疗COPD患者便秘的方法,包括穴位选择、项目选择、治疗时间、操作流程等。

Introduction

慢性呼吸系统疾病是全球第三大死因,慢性阻塞性肺病是慢性呼吸系统疾病死亡的主要原因,给个人和社会带来沉重的负担1。中国是全球COPD患者数量最多的国家:约9900万,患病率为8.6%2。便秘是慢性阻塞性肺病患者的常见并发症,与高水平的多药治疗有关3。有证据表明,超过 39% 的 COPD 患者会出现便秘,且便秘与呼吸困难的严重程度、加重时间和 COPD 的并发症呈正相关4.高度怀疑便秘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (AECOPD) 急性加重有关。AECOPD 加速了 COPD 患者的疾病进展,是 COPD 患者死亡的主要原因5.因此,是时候关注COPD患者便秘的治疗了。

大多数患者自行控制便秘,主要使用饮食调整和泻药。研究表明,渗透性泻药通常是便秘患者的首选药物6.然而,使用药物有时不能有效改善便秘症状。它与不良反应或耐受性差有关。多达 50% 的便秘患者对他们目前的治疗结果不完全满意 7,8.因此,有必要寻找疗效好、安全性高的替代疗法。在慢性便秘的治疗中,穴位刺激疗法开始显示出一些优势9.在中医整体论、辨证论治的理念和经络穴位理论的指导下,通过刺激体表的特定穴位来治疗疾病10,11。穴位应用可使药物直接被局部皮肤吸收。它通过刺激穴位达到通路经络、调气和血的效果,从而改善便秘症状10。穴位按摩刺激骶神经,通过增加间质细胞数量来调节排便,并通过激活排便来控制节律性收缩或蠕动12.许多药理学和临床研究已经证实了草药(如大黄)在治疗便秘方面的明显功效13,14。本文介绍了穴位应用联合穴位按摩治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者便秘的示范。

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Protocol

该临床研究方案经成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸内科临床研究审批委员会审批(备案号.KY2022014)。

1、操作前的准备工作

  1. 项目准备:
    1. 准备 大黄、生理盐水、碘伏特拭子、医用胶带、医用纱布、医用弯曲板、手部消毒液和医用橡胶手套(材料表)等物品。
    2. 使用超微粉碎机将100克 黄预先制成粉末,密封在塑料袋中以备后用。
    3. 治疗前,请取15g大黄 Baill 粉,用15mL生理盐水制成药粉糊状。将糊状物放在弯曲的板上。
  2. 患者准备:
    1. 建议患者提前排空膀胱。让患者仰卧,弯曲膝盖,放松,充分暴露腹部。
  3. 操作员准备:
    1. 关闭门窗,注意保护患者隐私,防止患者感冒。
    2. 选择患者腹部10上的申克穴(RN8)和双侧天舒穴(ST25),并评估患者穴位的局部皮肤,以确保所选穴位周围的皮肤无病变或损伤,同时保持局部穴位清洁干燥(图1图2)。
      注意:神阙穴 (RN8) 位于脐带中央的脐带区域。天书穴(ST25)位于腹部,肚脐周围各有2个指寸(指寸表示拇指的比例单位,2个指寸等于~6.67厘米)15

二、操作步骤

  1. 消毒双手,然后用拇指指尖按压患者腹部的神阙穴(RN8)和双侧天舒穴(ST25)。按压每个穴位50次,并确保在按压时顺时针方向旋转拇指(图3)。
    1. 将按压穴位的强度从弱改为强。以 ~1 秒/次和 30-60 次/分钟的频率按压,直到患者感到轻微的酸痛感。如果患者在手术过程中不能忍受,请立即停止手术。
  2. 揉搓双手的手掌直至温暖,然后用手掌顺时针按摩患者的腹部50次(图4)。从肚脐逐渐按摩到外圈,然后从外圈按摩回到肚脐。
    注意: 圆的范围以肚脐为中心,半径为 2 指寸,即半径等于 ~6.67 厘米。
    1. 确保按摩动作轻柔,用力不要太重。确保按摩频率由慢到快,稳定适中,约30-50次/分钟。最好感觉腹部略微发热。如果患者在手术过程中出现不耐受,请立即停止手术。
  3. 戴上医用橡胶手套,并使用碘伏特拭子对患者的局部穴位进行消毒。从医用弯板中取出约3/4的配制好的药物,大致分成3等份,做成类似环形(直径x厚度约3cm×0.5cm)的形状,分别涂在药用纱布上。
  4. 用医用胶带将装有药物的医用纱布分别固定在患者腹部的神阙点(RN8)和天舒点(ST25)上。6小时后将其取出。
  5. 要求患者在穴位应用手术后穿着干净透气的衣服。
    1. 要求患者避免剧烈运动,以防止药物脱落和流动。及时清除患者局部皮肤上的药物残留,并协助患者穿衣。
    2. 告知患者局部皮肤瘙痒、灼热或疼痛时不要抓挠,并及时取出药物。用生理盐水保持局部皮肤清洁。

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Representative Results

慢性阻塞性肺病患者根据 2023 年发布的“慢性阻塞性肺病全球倡议”进行诊断和治疗16.便秘的诊断标准参考中华医学会结直肠外科分会、中华医学会、中华医学会于2022年发布的《中国成人慢性便秘评估与管理临床实践指南》17.根据患者治疗前后完成的患者便秘症状评估 (PAC-SYM) 表格评估疗效18。选取成都中医药大学附属医院呼吸内科符合要求的便秘患者,征得患者同意后,仅采用穴位按摩联合穴位按摩治疗便秘。患者在每天早上 5-7 点的时间段内每天接受一次治疗,疗程为 1 周。PAC-SYM评分也在治疗开始前和治疗完成后完成。

根据患者完成的PAC-SYM评分,治疗前和治疗后评分结果分别为18分和6分(表1)。结果显示,穴位敷疗结合穴位按摩可显著改善便秘症状。既往研究证实,穴位敷和穴位按摩均能治疗便秘,副作用小、安全性高、疗效明显、优势突出19,20。穴位应用联合穴位按摩可提高COPD患者便秘的疗效,既往临床研究表明,穴位应用联合穴位按摩治疗COPD患者便秘的有效率超过90%21,22。总体而言,穴位应用联合穴位按摩治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的便秘是有效和安全的。

Figure 1
图1:腹部神阙穴(RN8)位置图。 神阙穴(RN8)位于脐区,即中央脐带。 请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

Figure 2
2:双侧天书穴位(ST25)位置图。天书穴位(ST25)位于腹部,肚脐周围各有2个指猿(指猿是指拇指的比例单位,2个指猿约等于6.67厘米)。请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

Figure 3
3:手指按压操作图。操作者用拇指按压患者的穴位,在按压的同时顺时针旋转拇指。请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

Figure 4
4:手掌按摩操作图。用双手手掌揉搓至温热,然后用手掌顺时针方向按摩患者的腹部穴位。请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

表 1:患者对便秘症状的评估 (PAC-SYM) 请点击此处下载此表格。

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Discussion

老年人群是慢性阻塞性肺病的高危人群。老年人会出现不同程度的胃肠道衰退,而慢性阻塞性肺病患者的缺氧和活动减少会增加便秘的风险。此外,慢性阻塞性肺病患者容易产生紧张、焦虑、抑郁、抑郁、烦躁等负面心理情绪,可导致盆底肌张力增高,导致排便时直肠与管间矛盾运动,抑制肠道蠕动3,23。慢性阻塞性肺病属于中医“肺胀”的范畴。肺在气中显现,在呼吸中统筹,以及肺气的分散和下降24.根据中医理论,肺对应于大肠。肺通过扩散和下降的功能传递体液并润湿大肠,使大肠的传导功能正常。慢性阻塞性肺病是由于肺的循环和下行功能障碍,引起大便异常或梗阻和便秘25

一些治疗措施的意义,如增加液体摄入量、身体活动、富含纤维的饮食和推荐的缓解便秘的营养补充剂,仍然值得怀疑26.药物会导致一些副作用。甘油和乳果糖等高渗透性药物可能会引起腹胀、腹痛甚至出血性痔疮,因此不建议每天使用27.生物反馈疗法需要多次门诊就诊,因此仅在少数专业中心提供28.由于上述治疗方法有局限性,不能满足患者的治疗需求,因此穴位应用和穴位按摩等替代疗法越来越受欢迎29,30。在慢性便秘的治疗中,穴位刺激疗法开始显示出一些优势9.穴位应用结合穴位按摩,可避免肝脏首过效应和胃肠道刺激。一些研究证明,穴位应用结合穴位按摩治疗慢性便秘是有效和安全的31.穴位应用联合穴位按摩可显著提高COPD患者便秘的疗效。既往临床研究表明,穴位敷疗联合穴位按摩治疗COPD患者便秘的有效率在90%以上,而仅保证充足饮水和适当食物纤维摄入的治疗有效率低于80%21,22。穴位按压联合穴位按压被认为是慢性便秘患者的理想替代疗法。

整个手术的关键是使患者局部穴位温痛,在穴位按摩时充分打开气流,根据中医午夜-中午潮流针灸理论,选择凌晨5点至7点气血流向大肠经治疗的时间段32

研究报道,少数人在接受穴位涂抹后会出现局部皮肤红斑、丘疹、水泡等不良反应,取下穴位涂抹后可自行消退33。操作人员可以通过了解过敏情况、调整饮食计划、缩短治疗时间等方式,减少不良反应的发生。如果发生不良反应,应及时清理局部皮肤残留物,密切监测生命体征34

神阙穴(RN8)和天舒穴(ST25)是治疗便秘的常用针灸穴位35。与天书穴位(ST25)相对应的神经节与大肠神经节和骶丛的分布一致。刺激天舒穴位(ST25)可促进和增强胃肠蠕动,有效改善便秘36。研究表明,ST25调节便秘的途径与炎症和脂肪细胞因子或瘦素37密切相关。研究还表明,刺激天舒穴位(ST25)可改善便秘大鼠的肠道蠕动,这可能与其上调结肠肌丛血管活性肠肽和物质P38的免疫活性有关。同时,刺激双侧天舒穴(ST25)可改善慢转运便秘引起的结肠平滑肌结构变化,治疗便秘39。研究表明,刺激神阙穴位(RN8)可以改善功能性便秘大鼠粪便中的水分含量和肠道转运速度,可能是通过调节水通道蛋白-3(AQP3)和核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的表达40。神农《本草经》记载,大 有清胃、推肠、改善水谷的功效。

目前,穴位刺激疗法广泛用于便秘、腹泻、功能性消化不良等消化系统疾病,有明确的治愈和轻微的副作用41。胃肠道症状被认为是化疗最常见的不良事件之一42.一些研究表明,近 80% 的癌症患者会出现恶心,约 70% 的癌症患者会出现便秘,超过 50% 的癌症患者在化疗期间会出现呕吐和腹泻43.未来,我们可以将穴位应用和穴位按摩与化疗相结合,为癌症患者减少化疗的胃肠道副作用。希望它能改善癌症患者的治疗和生活质量。

最后,本研究对穴位敷敷联合穴位按摩治疗COPD便秘的操作论证存在一定的局限性。本研究的样本量很小,这里只展示了一名患者的数据。未来将纳入大样本量,以证明穴位应用结合穴位按摩的有效性,以期为指导COPD患者便秘的治疗提供临床依据。

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Disclosures

本文中没有相互竞争的经济利益。

Acknowledgments

感谢国家中医药临床卓越培养计划(国家中医药人教函〔2022〕1号)、成都中医药大学医院“百人计划”工程(院办〔2021〕42)、四川省中医药管理局科技攻关计划(2021MS093, 2021MS539、2023MS608)。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Chinese herbal decoction piece rhubarb Sichuan Guoqiang Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Co., Ltd 21120104
Gauze swab Shandong Angyang Medical Technology Co., Ltd 2022060201
Hand disinfectant Gamma Disinfection Products (Foshan) Co., Ltd. Sichuan Branch CNSQV3180322A
Iodine volts swab Zhejiang Baigar Health Technology Co., Ltd 20220301
Medical adhesive tape Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Medical Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd 2105NF8
Medical bending plate Shanghai Medical Instrument (Group) Co., Ltd. Surgical Instrument Factory 181001
Medical rubber glove Shanghai Kebang Medical Latex Equipment Co., Ltd 2112019S
Normal saline Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd N22061906

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Tags

穴位应用, 穴位按摩, 便秘, 慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD), 中医, 替代疗法, 老年患者, 西医治疗, 复发率
穴位应用联合穴位按摩治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者便秘
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Yuan, F., Lu, F., Guo, Y., Zhang, C. More

Yuan, F., Lu, F., Guo, Y., Zhang, C. Acupoint Application Combined with Acupoint Massage for Treating Constipation in a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (198), e64900, doi:10.3791/64900 (2023).

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