Fuente: James W Bonz, MD, medicina de urgencias, escuela de Yale de la medicina, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Acceso venoso central es necesario en multitud de situaciones clínicas para monitoreo hemodinámico, administración de la medicación y tomar muestras de sangre. Hay tres venas en el cuerpo que son accesibles para la canulación venosa central: yugular interna, la subclavia y la vena femoral.
Acceso venoso central a través de la vena subclavia tiene varias ventajas sobre otras posibles ubicaciones. La colocación de catéter venoso central subclavio (CVC) se asocia con menor tasa de infección y trombosis que CVC femoral y yugular interna. Línea subclavia puede colocarse rápidamente utilizando puntos de referencia anatómicas y se realizan a menudo en escenarios de trauma cuando collares cervicales borrar el acceso a la vena yugular interna (IJ). La desventaja más importante del acceso subclavio es el riesgo de neumotórax debido a la proximidad anatómica a la cúpula del pulmón, que miente apenas superficial a la vena subclavia. Además, en el caso de una punción arterial accidental, el acceso a la arteria subclavia se ve impedido por la clavícula, que hace difícil comprimir eficazmente la nave.
Exitosa colocación de CVC subclavia requiere buen conocimiento de trabajo de la anatomía de vasos Diana así como fluidez en realizar el procedimiento de Seldinger (introducción del catéter en un vaso sobre el alambre guía, que se inserta a través de una aguja de paredes delgadas). En primer lugar, la vena subclavia es canulada con una aguja de pared delgada calibre 18. Un alambre de guía entonces se pasa pensó la aguja hasta que apropiadamente se coloca en el recipiente. A continuación, se retira la aguja, se pasa un dilatador sobre el alambre para dilatar la piel y tejidos blandos, y se pasa el catéter sobre el alambre hasta que apropiadamente se coloca en el recipiente. Por último, se retira la guía y el catéter se sutura en su lugar.
Hay varios tipos de kits CVC comúnmente disponibles comercializados por diferentes fabricantes. CVC puede tener una sola luz, un lumen doble o un triple lumen. Para efectos de esta discusión, pondremos un CVC de triple lumen, como comúnmente es necesario cuando entregarse simultáneamente varios medicamentos diferentes. El procedimiento para la colocación de cualquier tipo de CVC es el mismo.
Subclavian vein placement for CVCs is preferred by many practitioners for the rapidity of the procedure, predictable anatomy of the target vessel, and reduced infection rate. Many neurosurgeons and neurocritical care specialists prefer the subclavian vein over the IJ vein due to the lower risk of CVC-associated thrombosis, which carries an additional and unnecessary risk in a patient with increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
As the other CVC placement procedures, subclavian CVCs carry the risk of systemic and local infections, thrombosis, arterial puncture, and bleeding. Since the external pressure cannot be applied to the subclavian artery in the event of accidental puncture, this location is less appealing to many practitioners. Additionally, subclavian vein access is associated with the highest rate of pneumothorax. However, these risks can be reduced with full-barrier sterile precautions, experience, excellent knowledge of the anatomy, and procedural fluidity in the Seldinger technique.
Central venous access via the subclavian vein has several advantages over other possible locations. First, the central venous catheter, or CVC, can be placed quickly using anatomic landmarks. Second, it can be performed in trauma setting when cervical collars obliterate the access to the internal jugular vein. And third, the rate of thrombosis and infection is lower than both internal jugular and femoral CVC.
This video will demonstrate the insertion of a subclavian CVC using the Seldinger technique.
First, gather the supplies necessary for the procedure, including: a CVC kit, sterile gloves and a sterile bundle that contains a mask, bonnet, gown, full body drape, sterile syringes, sterile saline, and dressings. A typical commercially available CVC kit contains: a catheter, a j-tip guide wire, a dilator, a #11 scalpel, an introducer needle, 1% Lidocaine, several syringes and smaller needles, a suture needle with suture, a CVC clamp, surgical dressing, gauze, and chlorhexidine. The contents are in a sterile tray, which is wrapped with a sterile cover.
Once the supplies have been collected, place the patient supine with their feet elevated – the Trendelenberg position. This position engorges the target vessel and helps decrease the risk of an air embolus. It may be helpful to place a rolled towel under the medial scapula to accentuate the physical landmarks. However, too much shoulder retraction may decrease the space between the clavicle and first rib, compressing the subclavian vein. Because of the presence of the thoracic duct and higher pleural dome on the left side, the right subclavian vein is generally preferred for venous access. The insertion site is just underneath the clavicle, at the point where the vein passes between the clavicle and the first rib. In this location, the first rib acts as a barrier to the lung underneath, helping prevent a pneumothorax.
The next step is to clean the area with chlorhexidine, scrubbing vigorously for 30 seconds, then allowing it to dry for 60 seconds. After this, open the CVC kit by grasping the non-sterile outer surface and unfolding the wrap outward, thereby keeping both the inner surface of the wrap and the contents of the kit sterile. Next, open the sterile bundle and put on the bonnet and mask. Then open the portion containing the gown, drape and sterile saline, and lay out the sterile gloves. If your institution does not use the sterile bundle, these items may need to be gathered separately and dropped onto your sterile field. When all of the supplies are open, put on the sterile gown and gloves and place sterile drapes around the patient’s clavicle.
Now, prepare the contents of the kit, separating them to make them more accessible, and draw lidocaine into a syringe. Also, retract the guidewire slightly within the sheath to straighten out the J curve. Finally, flush the lumens of the catheter with saline and leave the distal lumen uncapped.
To identify the insertion site using surface landmarks, place your non-dominant index finger in the sternal notch. Then, with the thumb, identify the middle third of the clavicle, medial to where it bends cephalad. The insertion site of the introducer needle is one fingerbreadth below the medial portion of the middle third of the clavicle and the needle will be aimed towards the index finger, just above the sternal notch.
Inject lidocaine into the skin, creating a wheal at the insertion site, and anesthetize the surrounding soft tissues, down to the periosteum of the clavicle, along the anticipated trajectory. Next, attach an empty syringe to the introducer needle and insert the needle into the insertion site at a 10° angle to the skin, aiming towards the sternal notch. Advance the needle while pulling back on the plunger of the syringe. The needle should graze the underside of the clavicle and pass into the subclavian vein where it is sandwiched between the clavicle and the first rib. Insertion of the needle into the vein will be confirmed by aspiration of dark blood into the syringe. Once the needle is in the vein, remove the syringe, taking care not to change the depth and position of the needle. Blood return should be dark and non-pulsatile. Then feed the guidewire into the needle to a depth of 15 cm, as determined by marks on the wire.
With the wire in position, nick the skin at the insertion site with the scalpel, remove the introducer needle, and pass the dilator over the guidewire to a depth of 2 – 3 cm, gently rotating it to dilate the skin and soft tissues. Next, remove the dilator and pass the catheter over the guidewire to a depth of approximately 15cm in adult men. Then remove the guidewire. After that, attach a sterile syringe to the distal port of the catheter and aspirate to confirm blood return. Then flush the lumen with sterile saline. Repeat this step for each lumen on a double or triple lumen catheter.
To secure the catheter in the desired location, place a 2-part clamp around the catheter, anesthetize the skin, and suture the clamp to the skin through the eyelets. Finally, place a sterile dressing over the insertion site and dispose of all sharps according to the practices of the medical facility. Then obtain a chest x-ray to verify proper line position and to rule out a pneumothorax.
“Insertion of a central venous catheter in the subclavian vein is preferred by many practitioners because of the predictable anatomy of the target vessel rapidity of the procedure and low infection rate”
“The most significant disadvantage of the subclavian access is the risk of pneumothorax due to the anatomic proximity to the dome of the lung, which lies just deep to the subclavian vein. In addition, in the event of an inadvertent arterial puncture, the access to the subclavian artery is impeded by the clavicle, which makes it difficult to effectively compress the vessel.”
“However, all of these risks can be minimized with the use of sterile precautions, knowledge of the anatomy, and fluidity with the Seldinger technique.”
You have just watched a JoVE video on the placement of a subclavian central venous catheter. You should now have a better understanding of both the anatomical and technical considerations of this procedure. As always, thanks for watching!
