A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

Summary

The goal of this procedure is to demonstrate the reproducibility and adaptability of using a microtiter plate format for microalgal screening. This rapid screen combines WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry to measure photosynthetic yield as an indicator of Photosystem II (PSII) health with small volume bacterial-algal co-cultures.

Abstract

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be subsampled throughout the experiment^1–7. Subsampling of large volumes can be problematic for several reasons: 1) it causes variation in the total volume and the surface area:volume ratio of the culture during the experiment; 2) pseudo-replication (i.e., replicate samples from the same treatment flask⁸) is often employed rather than true replicates (i.e., sampling from replicate treatments); 3) the duration of the experiment is limited by the total volume; and 4) axenic cultures or the usual bacterial microbiota are difficult to maintain during long-term experiments as contamination commonly occurs during subsampling.

The use of microtiter plates enables 1 ml culture volumes to be used for each replicate, with up to 48 separate treatments within a 12.65 x 8.5 x 2.2 cm plate, thereby decreasing the experimental volume and allowing for extensive replication without subsampling any treatment. Additionally, this technique can be modified to fit a variety of experimental formats including: bacterial-algal co-cultures, algal physiology tests, and toxin screening^9–11. Individual wells with an alga, bacterium and/or co-cultures can be sampled for numerous laboratory procedures including, but not limited to: WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry, microscopy, bacterial colony forming unit (cfu) counts and flow cytometry. The combination of the microtiter plate format and WATER-PAM fluorometry allows for multiple rapid measurements of photochemical yield and other photochemical parameters with low variability between samples, high reproducibility and avoids the many pitfalls of subsampling a carboy or conical flask over the course of an experiment.

Introduction

Phytoplankton physiology has traditionally been studied in meso-scale experiments ranging from 20 ml in conical flasks to 5 L in carboys^1–7. This experimental scale requires subsampling for experimental monitoring, as sacrificing replicate samples for each time point creates an unmanageable experimental setup.

The ability to increase the number of independent experiments while using the same diurnal incubator space by miniaturizing the experimental volume for algal physiology experiments will reduce or eliminate the limitations of subsampling and pseudo-replication from large volumes. A microtiter plate format has been developed for algal bioassays using a 1 ml culture volume for experimentally manipulating algae in variable conditions. This small experimental volume allows for the number of replicates to be increased, increases experimental reproducibility due to a decreased variability between replicate samples and experiments, and allows true replication while maintaining experimental controls (i.e., axenic algal cultures) for 140 days (Figure 2)¹².

This microtiter plate format is easily adapted for a variety of experimental questions, such as: does a bacterium have a symbiotic, neutral or pathogenic interaction with its algal host? Is the addition of a compound stimulating or toxic to an alga? These and other questions can be addressed in a rapid high-throughput manner using this new format^9–11.

A 48-well microtiter culture plate allows each 1 ml well to be an independent experimental setup that is sampled at a single time-point. Various parameters can be sampled from this 1 ml volume including, but not limited to: chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical parameters using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry (see Materials and Equipment table)¹³. WATER-PAM fluorometry is a rapid and non-invasive technique that can be used to monitor experiments performed with algae¹³. It allows measurement of photosynthetic efficiency and PSII health from a small culture volume (150 - 300 μl of culture diluted in medium to a 2 - 4 ml volume for WATER-PAM)^14,15. In addition to WATER-PAM fluorometry, this setup can be used to measure a variety of other parameters including, but not limited to: microscopy to visualize the bacteria attached to algal cells and changes in the algal cell morphology; bacterial colony forming unit (cfu) counts; and flow cytometry for algal cell counts and identifying subpopulations.

Protocol

1. Calculations for Experimental Setup

1. Calculate the volume of algal and/or bacterial cultures needed for controls that will be required for the entire experiment by using Equation 1:
   
   Where y equals the number of controls needed per day and z equals the number of days.
2. Calculate the volume of algal and/or bacterial cultures that are needed for co-cultures for the experiment by using Equation 2:
   
   NOTE: It is possible to replace ‘co-culture’ experiments with any compound screen; just adjust the final compound, solvent and algal concentrations to fit the experimental design.
3. Use Equations 1 and 2 to calculate the final volume of early-exponential algal culture (commonly 5 days for ~10⁴ cells/ml but this should be determined by performing an algal growth curve) required for the experiment (this volume is needed for step 2.3) using Equation 3:
   
4. Use Equations 1 and 2 to calculate the final volume of 10⁴ cfu/ml bacterial culture (or desired inoculation concentration) required for the experiment (this volume is needed for step 4.2) using Equation 4:
   
   NOTE: Use the additional 10 ml in steps 1.3 and 1.4 to account for pipetting error and any tests that are performed (e.g., WATER-PAM, flow cytometry, microscopy, etc.) on 0 d. Increase this volume if needed to fit the experimental design.
   NOTE: For an example calculation of an 8-day experiment see Section 10. See supplemental table for media recipes.

2. Growing Algal Cells for Experimental Setup

1. Isolate or obtain an actively growing axenic algal culture.
2. Aseptically transfer 10% of the final volume of the algal culture into sterile algal medium (e.g., L1 or similar marine algal medium, see Materials and Equipment table), ensuring a 1:9 dilution of algal culture in fresh medium. Grow the diluted alga in a diurnal incubator using previously determined growth conditions for that strain (e.g., 18 °C with a 16:8 hr light:dark cycle is commonly used).
3. When the culture has reached early-exponential phase, re-culture the alga in the same sterile algal medium (e.g., L1 or similar marine algal medium), ensure the final concentration is a 1:9 dilution and that the final volume of algae is equal to the V_A calculated (step 1.3).
   NOTE: It is important to ensure these cultures are axenic. Test all algal media and algal stock bottles for contamination by plating a 20 μl aliquot onto a general marine bacterial medium (e.g., Marine Broth 2216 supplemented with 1.5% agar or similar).
4. Grow algal culture to early-exponential phase (~10⁴ cells/ml).
   NOTE: Every algal strain has a unique growth curve depending on culturing conditions. Early-exponential phase (~10⁴ cells/ml) can be determined by performing an algal growth curve based on cell density (i.e. using flow cytometry or microscopy).

3. Preparing Bacterial Cells for Inoculation

1. Pre-determine the bacterial concentration (cfu/ml) and optical density (OD) of the bacterium at stationary phase by doing a growth curve in the chosen bacterial medium and growth conditions (e.g., Marine Broth 2216 at 25 °C and 160 rpm, or similar). Use this information to grow the cells (step 3.3) and later to dilute the cells correctly in step 3.7.
2. Aseptically transfer an isolated and freshly grown bacterial colony from a 1.5% agar plate (e.g., Marine Broth 2216 supplemented with 1.5% agar or similar marine bacterial solid medium) into 5 ml of bacterial liquid medium (e.g., Marine Broth 2216 or similar marine bacterial medium).
3. Grow the bacterium to stationary phase on a rolling drum or shaker (~12 - 36 hr, depending on the bacterium). Plan the experiment so that the bacterium reaches stationary phase (~10⁸ - 10⁹ cfu/ml) at the same time that the algal cells have reached the early-exponential phase (~10⁴ cells/ml).
4. Using a pipette, wash down any biofilm attached to the test tube into the medium. Pipette 1 ml of well-mixed bacterial culture into a sterile 1.5 ml microtube. Centrifuge for 1 min at 14,000 x g.
5. Remove and dispose of the supernatant (bacterial media) without disrupting the pellet (bacterial cells). Add 1 ml of sterile algal media (e.g., L1 or similar) to the microtube (with pellet). Vortex microtube to resuspend pellet in algal media.
6. Second wash: repeat step 3.5.
   NOTE: It is critical to wash the bacterial cells with algal media in order to thoroughly remove all of the bacterial media, cell detritus, excreted proteins and small molecules from the cells prior to inoculating the algae with them as this could change the nutrient composition of the algal media or introduce bioactive molecules to the screen.
7. Serially dilute the washed bacterial cells in algal media, to a final concentration that is 100-fold more concentrated than the desired final bacterial concentration (cfu/ml). Save the microtube containing cells that have been washed and diluted in algal media for step 4.2.
   NOTE: Plan the experiment based on having a 1:1 ratio of algae to bacteria on 0 d. To do this the desired initial bacterial concentration for the experiment is 10⁴ cfu/ml, so in step 3.7 the initial cells should be serially diluted to 10⁶ cfu/ml.

4. Preparing Bacteria for Experimental Setup

1. Prepare 4 sterile autoclaved glass conical flasks and label them: a) ‘algal control flask’, b) ‘diluted bacterial stock flask’, c) ‘bacterial control flask’, and d) ‘co-culture flask’.
2. Dilute the bacterial suspension from step 3.7 1:99 with sterile algal media to a final volume = V_B (step 1.4). Make the dilution in the flask labeled diluted bacterial stock (step 4.1).
   NOTE: In the previous example (step 4.2), this 1:99 dilution gives a final concentration of 10⁴ cfu/ml. Swirl flask to mix cells.
3. Pipette V_control (step 1.1) from the diluted bacterial stock and put it in the bacterial control flask.
4. Pipette V_control of sterile algal medium into the bacterial control flask (this is a 1:1 dilution). Swirl flask to mix cells and set aside for step 7.3.
5. Pipette V_co-culture from the diluted bacterial stock flask to the co-culture flask, set flask aside for step 6.1.
   NOTE: When doing multiple co-cultures on the same alga at once (i.e., a co-culture of two different bacterial isolates with one control) it is necessary to re-calculate the V_co-culture for each strain individually and then repeat step 4.5 for each co-culture separately. It is also necessary to increase the V_A calculated in step 1.3 to include both co-cultures shown in Equation 5:
   

5. Preparing Algae for Experimental Setup

1. Gently mix the early-exponential algal culture (from step 2.4) with a wide-mouth pipette tip until cells appear well mixed.
2. Pipette V_control from the algal stock bottle to the algal control flask. Gently pipette using a 10 ml pipette. Then return the algal stock bottle in the diurnal incubator.
3. Pipette V_control of sterile algal medium to the algal control flask (this is a 1:1 dilution). Swirl to mix flask and place in the diurnal incubator, until needed for step 7.4.

6. Preparing Experimental Co-culture

1. Gently pipette V_co-culture from the algal stock flask into the bacterial co-culture flask from step 4.5. Return co-culture flask to the diurnal incubator until needed for step 7.5.
   NOTE: The concentration of bacteria in the bacterial control should equal the bacterial concentration in the experimental co-culture. Similarly, the concentration of algae in the algal control should equal the concentration of algae in the experimental co-culture. By having the same initial bacterial and algal concentrations, the population density can be compared throughout the experiment.

7. Setting up Microtiter Plates

1. Divide a sterile 48-well microtiter plate as per Figure 1. Label above outer wells containing either sterile diluent or non-photosynthetic samples.
   NOTE: Randomization of the plate wells can be done for samples taken on the same day. For example, quadrant 1 will be sampled at 1 d in the experiment; the wells that should be randomized are B2 - 4 and C2 - 4. Leave the perimeter of the plate filled with sterile solution as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of sample placement in a 48-well microtiter plate. Wells are to be filled as follows: columns 1 and 6, wells A through F () are filled with 1 ml 1x PBS (or other sterile solution/media). Rows A and F, wells 2 - 8 () are filled with 1 ml bacterial control; rows B and E wells 2 - 8 () are filled with 1 ml algal control; rows C and D, wells 2 - 8 () are filled with 1 ml co-culture. The plate is divided into 4 quadrants (A2, A5, D2, and D5) these quadrants are each specific sampling days 1 - 4, this should be randomized throughout plates and labeled accordingly. Within each day we advise randomizing the algal control () and co-culture () wells using a random number generator. Label the lid over the 1x PBS and/or bacterial control wells to prevent shading of algal cultures.

2. Pipette 1 ml 1x phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) or other sterile solution in the appropriate wells as indicated in Figure 1. Perform this slowly and with care. PBS will change the ionic strength of the algal and/or co-culture medium if it splatters in other wells so handle carefully.
3. Pipette 1 ml of bacterial control culture into wells labeled bacterial control (Figure 1). Swirl the bacterial flask before pipetting each plate to avoid bacterial settling.
4. Pipette 1 ml of algal control culture into wells labeled algal control using a wide mouth pipette tip (Figure 1). Swirl the algal flask as regularly as the bacterial flask. If the alga tends to sink or float, swirl as regularly as is needed to maintain a visually uniform culture.
5. Using a wide mouth pipette tip, pipette 1 ml of co-culture in the appropriate wells (Figure 1). Swirling the co-culture flask as regularly as the algal flask.
6. Seal each plate with parafilm and place in a diurnal incubator at the desired temperature and diurnal light cycle (18 °C with a 16:8 hr light:dark cycle is commonly used). Leave the plates in the diurnal incubator until ready to take PAM readings (Section 8). Ensure all plates are oriented in the same direction to allow for consistent light exposure.
7. Take a 20 μl aliquot from the PBS, algal media, algal stock and algal control and drop plate onto an appropriate non-selective medium (e.g., Marine Broth 2216 supplemented with 1.5% agar) and incubate plates at 18 - 25 °C for 72 hr to test for contamination. If growth appears in any of the solutions that should not contain bacteria, then these data should not be used.
8. Take PAM fluorometry readings using the remaining sample from the algal control and co-culture flasks for the experimental 0 d PAM fluorometry reading (see step 8.1). Any other 0 d measurements should also be performed with the remaining algal control, bacterial control and co-culture samples.

8. Taking PAM Fluorometry Readings from Stock Samples

1. Zero the WATER-PAM with sterile algal media in a clean cuvette before taking readings⁸.
2. Pipette 300 µl from algal control or co-culture flasks into a clean cuvette containing 2.7 ml of the same algal medium used in the experiment. Mix the sample and diluent gently with a wide mouth pipette tip.
3. Wipe-off all fingerprints from outside of cuvette with a tissue before placing the cuvette in the WATER-PAM.
4. Place cuvette into WATER-PAM. Cover the sample with the cap and allow it to dark-adapt for 3 min. Dark adaptation times vary depending on the species of algae and must be determined for the specific alga used in the experiment. Avoid lengthy dark adaptation times (>20 min) by taking WATER-PAM readings during the middle of the dark cycle of the algal diurnal incubators^16,17.
5. After dark adaption, hit F₀ button. If fluorescence readings are above 3,900, dilute sample 1:1 in algal medium. Dark-adapt for an additional 3 min and take a new reading. If the F₀ or F_m readings are still above 3,900, continue to dilute the sample 1:1 in algal medium until the F₀ and F_m readings are below 3,900.
   NOTE: Make sure to account for these dilutions when recording final fluorescence: for instance if the algal sample is diluted 1:9 during the initial transfer from the well to the dilution tube, then the algal fluorescence reading of 500 should be multiplied by the inverse of the dilution factor (in this case 10) and the actual fluorescence of the tube is then 5,000.
6. After setting F₀, take a saturating pulse (SAT-Pulse) reading every 90 sec by hitting the SAT button to take F_m readings. The time interval between readings may be adjusted depending on algal strain. Discard sample.
7. Repeat steps 8.1 - 8.6 for the remaining samples.

9. Taking PAM Fluorometry Readings from Microtiter Plates

1. Label 6 sterile sample tubes of >3 ml volume for wells B2 - 4 for the algal control and wells C2 - 4 for the bacterial co-culture (see plate layout in Figure 1).
2. Aliquot 2.7 ml of sterile algal medium into each tube.
3. Place tubes in diurnal incubator and allow them to acclimate to the temperature the alga was grown at for 30 min.
4. Before removing the microtiter plate from the incubator ensure that light penetration into the dark acclimated wells is limited by covering the plate with aluminum foil (or similar), only remove the foil while actively transferring culture from the wells to the dilution tubes (steps 9.5 - 9.7).
5. Aseptically mix the first microtiter plate well (well B2) with a wide mouth pipette tip by slowly pipetting up and down.
6. Obtain the dilution tubes from the incubator and aseptically transfer 300 µl from well B2 (Figure 1) to its corresponding sample tube with a wide mouth pipette tip (this is a 1:9 dilution of the sample in algal medium).
7. Repeat steps 9.5 - 9.6 for the remaining wells (B3,4 and C2 - 4).
8. Cover sample tubes with aluminum foil and return them to the diurnal incubator until ready for WATER-PAM.
9. Perform WATER-PAM readings as described in steps 8.1 - 8.7. Seal the microtiter plate with parafilm before returning it to the incubator.
10. Repeat readings at planned time intervals for the duration of the experiment. The frequency and length of sampling should be planned at the beginning of the experiment.

10. Sample Experiment

The sample experiment is a 10 day co-culture of a bacterium (Phaeobacter gallaeciensis BS107) and a microalga (Emiliania huxleyi strain (CCMP3266)). It includes an algal control, bacterial control, and a bacterial-algal experimental co-culture.

1. Calculate volumes of bacterial and algal stocks required (steps 1.1 - 1.4)
   
2. Prepare the algal stock, a V_A of 40 ml, by inoculating 4 ml of alga in 36 ml medium and incubated until early-exponential growth is achieved with a cell density of ~10⁴ cells/ml (steps 2.1 - 2.4).
3. Prepare the bacterial stock flask by diluting 400 μl of the 10⁶ cfu/ml bacteria obtained in Section 3 to a V_B of 40 ml with algal media (final concentration of bacteria will be 10⁴ cfu/ml).
4. Transfer half (20 ml) of the bacterial stock to the bacterial control flask and add 20 ml of algal media to make the bacterial control. Transfer half (20 ml) the algal stock to the algal control flask and add 20 ml of algal media to make up the algal control (Section 5). Transfer the remaining 20 ml of bacterial stock to the co-culture flask and mix with the remaining 20 ml of algal stock to establish the co-culture (Section 6).
5. Pipette the 1x PBS (pH 7.4), controls, and co-culture in two pre-labeled microtiter plates (Figure 1), 1 ml per well. Use 3 ml of the remaining controls and co-cultures to make 0 d measurements (cfu counts, WATER-PAM (Section 8), microscopic observation of algal cell morphology, and algal cell fixation for flow cytometry).
6. Take WATER-PAM readings for the algal control and co-culture once a day for 10 d, and always at the same time as the 0 d measurements were taken (Section 8).

11. Other Parameters of Interest

1. Determine bacterial cfu concentration: perform a serial dilution of the bacterial control and co-culture in sterile 1x PBS (or similar), then drop plate onto Marine Broth 2216 supplemented with 1.5% agar (or similar) and observe the number of cfu that grow to determine the bacterial cfu/ml for each well¹⁸.
2. To evaluate the algal cell concentration: fix algal control and co-culture with a 0.15% final concentration of glutaraldehyde. Incubate for 10 min in the dark, then flash freeze in liquid nitrogen, and store at -80 °C. Process all samples on a flow cytometer (FACS Calibur or similar) to count algal cells.
3. Observe algal cell morphology: algal cultures and bacterial-algal co-culture using microscopy (i.e., light microscopy, epifluorescence, or similar).

Results

WATER-PAM fluorometry readings.

WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) fluorometry is a quick and efficient method to determine the fluorescence (a proxy for chlorophyll content) and photosynthetic yield (PSII health) of algal cultures. The PAM WinControl software generates a spreadsheet of raw data values for (the following are the basic parameters for dark adapted algal samples):

    F₀ = fluorescence of dark-adapted cells

    F<...

Discussion

Algal growth in a miniaturized format.

The miniaturization of algal cultures to a 1 ml culture volume in a microtiter plate allows for the replication within an experiment to be increased. It is important to ensure the alga is healthy throughout an experiment; perform a growth curve (Figure 2), using the microtiter plate format to assess various algal media, to ensure the nutritional requirements of the alga are met. Additionally, it may be important to optimize the diurnal cycle...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10 cu. ft. Diurnal incubator (6012-1)	Caron Corporate	112310-6012-1-11	www.caronproducts.com
Nunc EasYFlask 25 cm2, Vent/Close Cap, 7 ml working volume, 200/cs	Thermo Fisher Scientific	N156340	www.fishersci.ca
Multiwell TC Plates – 48-well	BD Biosciences Discovery Labware	353078	www.bdbiosciences.com
P1000 Gilson The Pipetting Standard—Gilson's Pipetman	Mandel Scientific Company Inc.	GF-F123602	www.mandel.ca
P10mL Gilson The Pipetting Standard—Gilson's Pipetman	Mandel Scientific Company Inc.	GF-F161201	www.mandel.ca
Wide Orifice Tips nonsterile [100–1,250 µl]	VWR International	89079-468	www.ca.vwr.com
Ultrafine Tips nonsterile [100–1,250 µl]	VWR International	89079-470	www.ca.vwr.com
Finntip 10 ml [Vol: 1 - 10 ml]	Thermo Fisher Scientific	9402151	www.fishersci.ca
WATER-Pulse Amplitude Modulation (Water-ED)	Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany	EDEE0232	www.walz.com
15 mm diameter quartz glass cuvette (WATER-K)	Caron Corporate		www.caronproducts.com
Sodium chloride (crystalline/certified ACS), Fisher Chemical	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Thermo Fisher Scientific	www.fishersci.ca
BD Difco Marine Broth 2216	BD Biosciences Discovery Labware	BD Biosciences Discovery Labware	www.bdbiosciences.com
BD Bacto Agar	BD Biosciences Discovery Labware	BD Biosciences Discovery Labware	www.bdbiosciences.com
L1 Medium Kit, 50 L	NCMA [National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota	NCMA [National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota	www.ncma.bigelow.org