Single-channel Análise e cálcio Criação de imagem do Podócitos do recentemente isolados glomérulos
Summary
Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli.
Abstract
Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases has been established since podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and foot process effacement. It was previously reported that various endogenous agents may cause a dramatic overload in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in podocytes, presumably leading to albuminuria, and this likely occurs via calcium-conducting ion channels. Therefore, it appeared important to study calcium handling in the podocytes both under normal conditions and in various pathological states. However, available experimental approaches have remained somewhat limited to cultured and transfected cells. Although they represent a good basic model for such studies, they are essentially extracted from the native environment of the glomerulus. Here we describe the methodology of studying podocytes as a part of the freshly isolated whole glomerulus. This preparation retains the functional potential of the podocytes, which are still attached to the capillaries; therefore, podocytes remain in the environment that conserves the major parts of the glomeruli filtration apparatus. The present manuscript elaborates on two experimental approaches that allow 1) real-time detection of calcium concentration changes with the help of ratiometric confocal fluorescence microscopy, and 2) the recording of the single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. These methodologies utilize the advantages of the native environment of the glomerulus that enable researchers to resolve acute changes in the intracellular calcium handling in response to applications of various agents, measure basal concentration of calcium within the cells (for instance, to evaluate disease progression), and assess and manipulate calcium conductance at the level of single ion channels.
Introduction
Rins manter o equilíbrio homeostático para várias substâncias e regular o volume de sangue de uma forma que determina a pressão arterial total. Distúrbios no filtração renal, reabsorção ou secreção de causar ou acompanham os estados patológicos, que variam de hiper ou hipotensão para a doença renal terminal que eventualmente exige transplante renal. A unidade de filtração renal (glomérulo) consiste em três camadas – o endotélio capilar, membrana basal e uma camada de célula única de células epiteliais – podócitos, que desempenham um papel importante na manutenção da integridade e função de um diafragma de fenda. Disfunção no filtro de permeabilidade selectiva glomerular provoca perda urinária de macromoléculas, tais como proteinúria. Vários agentes podem afectar a estrutura das podócitos e os seus processos de pé, que determinam a integridade da barreira de filtração glomérulos.
Os podócitos estão envolvidos na manutenção do glomfunção de filtração eruli. Foi estabelecido que a manipulação imprópria de cálcio pelo podócitos leva a lesão celular e desempenha um papel importante na progressão de várias formas de nefropatias 2,3. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de um modelo que permite a medição direta da variação da concentração de cálcio intracelulares será fundamental para estudos de função podocyte. Isolado glomérulos foram anteriormente utilizados em um numerosos estudos, incluindo medição do coeficiente de reflexão albumina muda 4 e avaliação das correntes celulares integral na de células inteiras eletrofisiológicos medições de patch-clamp 5,6. No presente artigo descrevemos o protocolo que permite ao pesquisador para medir as mudanças de concentração de cálcio intracelular em resposta aos pedidos de agentes farmacológicos, estimar os níveis basais de cálcio dentro das células, e avaliar indivíduo atividade canais de cálcio. Medições da concentração de cálcio Ratometric e patch-clamp electrophysiology foram usadas para determinar as alterações na concentração intracelular de cálcio no seio da actividade podócitos e canal, respectivamente.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
A abordagem aqui descrita permite a análise de manuseamento de cálcio pelos podócitos dos glomérulos de roedores. Esta técnica permite a aplicação de patch-clamp eletrofisiologia canal único e fluorescência confocal ratiometric imagem. No entanto, ambas as abordagens podem ser utilizadas separadamente, por conta própria. O protocolo proposto tem várias etapas relativamente simples, incluindo rubor 1) rim; 2) isolamento dos glomérulos por peneiração diferencial; 3) realização de patch-clamp experimentos e…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Os autores gostariam de agradecer Glen Slocum (Medical College of Wisconsin) e Colleen A. Lavin (Nikon Instruments, Inc.) para a assistência técnica excelente, com experimentos de microscopia. Gregory Blass é reconhecida pela revisão crítica do manuscrito. Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pelos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde HL108880 concessão e American Diabetes Association conceder 1-15-BS-172 (para AS), eo Ben J. Lipps Research Fellowship da Sociedade Americana de Nefrologia (para DVI).
Materials
| Fluo4 AM | Life Technologies | F14217 | 500µl in DMSO |
| FuraRed AM | Life Technologies | F-3020 | |
| Poly-L-lysine | Sigma-Aldrich | P4707 | |
| Pluronic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | F-68 | solution |
| Ionomycin | Sigma-Aldrich | I3909-1ML | |
| Tube rotator | Miltenyi Biotec GmbH | 130-090-753 | Germany |
| Nikon confocal microscope (inverted) | Nikon | Nikon A1R | Laser exitation 488nm. Emission filters 500-550nm and 570-620nm |
| Objective | Nikon | Plan Apo 60x/NA 1.4 Oil | |
| Cover Glass | Thermo Scientific | 6661B52 | |
| High vacuum grease | Dow Corning | Silicone Compound | |
| Software | Nikon | Nikon NIS-Elements | |
| Recording/perfusion chamber | Warner Instruments | RC-26 | |
| Patch Clamp amplifier | Molecular Devices | MultiClamp 700B | |
| Data Acquisition System | Molecular Devices | Digidata 1440A | Axon Digidata® System |
| Low Pass Filter | Warner Instruments | LPF-8 | 8 pole Bessel |
| Borosilicate glass capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B150F-4 | |
| Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instrument Co | P-97 | Flaming/Brown type micropipette puller |
| Microforge | Narishige | MF-830 | Japan |
| Motorized Micromanipulator | Sutter Instrument Co | MP-225 | |
| Inverted microscope | Nikon | Eclipse Ti | |
| Microvibration isolation table | TMC | equipped with Faraday cage | |
| Multichannel valve perfusion system | AutoMake Scientific | Valve Bank II | |
| Recording/perfusion chamber | Warner Instruments | RC-26 | |
| Software | Molecular Devices | pClamp 10 . 2 | |
| Nicardipine | Sigma-Aldrich | N7510 | |
| Iberiotoxin | Sigma | I5904-5UG | |
| Niflumic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | N0630 | |
| DIDS | Sigma-Aldrich | D3514-25MG | |
| TEA chloride | Tocris | T2265 | |
| RPMI 1640 | Life Technologies | 11835030 | without antibiotics |
| BSA | Sigma-Aldrich | A8327 | 30% albumin solution |
| Temperature controlled surgical table | MCW core | for rodents | |
| Steel sieves: | #100 (150 μm), 140 (106 μm) | ||
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO200 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-316 | |
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO270 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-318 | |
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO400 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-320 | |
| mesh 200 | Sigma-Aldrich | s4145 | screen for CD-1 |
| Binocular microscope | Nikon | Eclipse TS100 | |
| Binocular microscope | Nikon | SMZ745 | |
| Syringe pump-based perfusion system | Harvard Apparatus | ||
| polyethylene tubing | Sigma-Aldrich | PE50 | |
| Isofluorane anesthesia | http://www.vetequip.com/ | 911103 | |
| Other basic reagents | Sigma-Aldrich |
References
- Machuca, E., Benoit, G., Antignac, C. Genetics of nephrotic syndrome: connecting molecular genetics to podocyte physiology. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, R185-R194 (2009).
- Haraldsson, B., Nystrom, J., Deen, W. M. Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria. Physiol. Rev. 88, 451-487 (2008).
- Patrakka, J., Tryggvason, K. New insights into the role of podocytes in proteinuria. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 5, 463-468 (2009).
- Savin, V. J., Sharma, R., Lovell, H. B., Welling, D. J. Measurement of albumin reflection coefficient with isolated rat glomeruli. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 1260-1269 (1992).
- Gloy, J., et al. Angiotensin II depolarizes podocytes in the intact glomerulus of the Rat. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2772-2781 (1997).
- Nitschke, R., et al. Angiotensin II increases the intracellular calcium activity in podocytes of the intact glomerulus. Kidney Int. 57, 41-49 (2000).
- Ilatovskaya, D., Staruschenko, A. Single-channel analysis of TRPC channels in the podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli. Methods Mol Biol. 998, 355-369 (2013).
- Snitsarev, V. A., McNulty, T. J., Taylor, C. W. Endogenous heavy metal ions perturb fura-2 measurements of basal and hormone-evoked Ca2+ signals. Biophys. J. 71, 1048-1056 (1996).
- Fukuda, A., Fujimoto, S., Iwatsubo, S., Kawachi, H., Kitamura, K. Effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II receptor blockers on proteinuria and glomerular podocyte protein expression in a model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton). 15, 321-326 (2010).
- Abramowitz, J., Birnbaumer, L. Physiology and pathophysiology of canonical transient receptor potential channels). FASEB J. 23, 297-328 (2009).
- Heeringa, S. F., et al. A novel TRPC6 mutation that causes childhood FSGS. PLoS ONE. 4, e7771 (2009).
- Zhang, X., Song, Z., Guo, Y., Zhou, M. The novel role of TRPC6 in vitamin D ameliorating podocyte injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 399, 155-165 (2015).
- Bohrer, M. P., et al. Mechanisms of the puromycin-induced defects in the transglomerular passage of water and macromolecules. J. Clin. Invest. 60, 152-161 (1977).
- Olson, J. L., Rennke, H. G., Venkatachalam, M. A. Alterations in the charge and size selectivity barrier of the glomerular filter in aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats. Lab. Invest. 44, 271-279 (1981).
- Schiessl, I. M., Castrop, H. Angiotensin II AT2 receptor activation attenuates AT1 receptor-induced increases in the glomerular filtration of albumin: a multiphoton microscopy study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 305, F1189-F1200 (2013).
- Ilatovskaya, D. V., Levchenko, V., Ryan, R. P., Cowley, A. W., Staruschenko, A. NSAIDs acutely inhibit TRPC channels in freshly isolated rat glomeruli. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 408, 242-247 (2011).
- Peti-Peterdi, J. Calcium wave of tubuloglomerular feedback. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291, F473-F480 (2006).
- Peti-Peterdi, J., Warnock, D. G., Bell, P. D. Angiotensin II directly stimulates ENaC activity in the cortical collecting duct via AT(1) receptors. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1131-1135 (2002).
- Ilatovskaya, D. V., Palygin, O., Levchenko, V., Staruschenko, A. Pharmacological characterization of the P2 receptors profile in the podocytes of the freshly isolated rat glomeruli. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 305, C1050-C1059 (2013).
- Ilatovskaya, D. V., et al. Angiotensin II has acute effects on TRPC6 channels in podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli. Kidney Int. 305, C1050-C1059 (2014).
- Schaldecker, T., et al. Inhibition of the TRPC5 ion channel protects the kidney filter. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 5298-5309 (2013).
- Roshanravan, H., Dryer, S. E. ATP acting through P2Y receptors causes activation of podocyte TRPC6 channels: role of podocin and reactive oxygen species. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 306, F1088-F1097 (2014).
- Anderson, M., Roshanravan, H., Khine, J., Dryer, S. E. Angiotensin II activation of TRPC6 channels in rat podocytes requires generation of reactive oxygen species. J. Cell. Physiol. 229, 434-442 (2014).
