Summary

動電位腐食試験

Published: September 04, 2016
doi:

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices.

Abstract

Different metallic materials have different polarization characteristics as dictated by the open circuit potential, breakdown potential, and passivation potential of the material. The detection of these electrochemical parameters identifies the corrosion factors of a material. A reliable and well-functioning corrosion system is required to achieve this.

Corrosion of the samples was achieved via a potentiodynamic polarization technique employing a three-electrode configuration, consisting of reference, counter, and working electrodes. Prior to commencement a baseline potential is obtained. Following the stabilization of the corrosion potential (Ecorr), the applied potential is ramped at a slow rate in the positive direction relative to the reference electrode. The working electrode was a stainless steel screw. The reference electrode was a standard Ag/AgCl. The counter electrode used was a platinum mesh. Having a reliable and well-functioning in vitro corrosion system to test biomaterials provides an in-expensive technique that allows for the systematic characterization of the material by determining the breakdown potential, to further understand the material’s response to corrosion. The goal of the protocol is to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices.

Introduction

電気化学的技術は、材料の電気化学的特性を得るために、迅速かつ比較的安価な方法を提供します。これらの技術は、制御された電気化学的妨害1-5への電荷移動プロセスの応答を観察することにより、金属の腐食を検出する能力に主に基づいています。体内環境内の金属インプラントの腐食が原因で生体適合性材料の完全性6上の有害な影響に重要です。体内でのインプラントの腐食に寄与する主な要因は、金属イオン7-11の放出増加につながる表面酸化物の溶解です。これは、局所的に、しかし、インプラント10,12-28の早期故障につながる可能性の全身性の影響で見つけることができる有害な生物学的反応、になります。

試験片の腐食特性を生成偏光スキャンから予測されますポテンショスタットによります。偏光スキャンは、金属基板の運動と腐食パラメ​​ータの外挿を可能にします。スキャン中に、電気活性種の酸化又は還元は電荷移動および反応物または生成物の移動によって制限することができます。これらの要因はすべて、偏光スキャンによってカプセル化されています。したがって、複数のサイクル全体で信頼性と再現性偏光スキャンを生成するシステムを持つことの重要性は非常に重要です。この原稿の主な焦点は、十分に機能動電位腐食系を得るために取ら原理と手順を特定のプロトコルを提供することです。

Protocol

試料ホルダーの1建設 M3六角ナットで固定されたステンレス鋼製のスペーサ及びM3ステンレス鋼のねじねじ、からの試料ホルダーを構築します。 ペンチを使用してスレッド化ねじの頭を外し、糸パターンを維持するために、切断されたセグメントを磨きます。 すべての個々のコンポーネントの準備が整ったら、電極ホルダーを組み立てます。各電極ホルダー11.5センチメー…

Representative Results

手順の終わりにインビトロ腐食システムは、腐食試験を実施するように設定されています。このような腐食容器と、ファラデーケージの清掃のような具体的な手順は、ノイズ性能を改善するために、プロトコルの中に導入しました。良好な偏光スキャンの基本的な概念は、金属材料の腐食感受性を理解するために有益な情報を提供する材料の電気物理的な状態?…

Discussion

ステンレス鋼試料から生成された偏光スキャンは、信頼性が高く、29再現性の両方でうまく機能して腐食システムを示す文献に見られるスキャンと相関きれい連続プロットを示しました。動電位孔食電位の再現性が悪いが、確率過程29によって特徴づけられる潜在的なビーイング孔食で、数百ミリボルトの普及と識別されます。これは一般的に、温度、ハロゲン化物含有量と?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors had no funding provided for this study.

Materials

Potentiostat Metrohm PGSTAT101
Ag/AgCl reference electrode, shielded Metrohm 6.0729.100
Electrode shaft Metrohm 6.1241.060
Polisher Forcipol 1v Metkon 3602
Clindrical flask 700mL SciLabware FR700F
Reaction lid SciLabware MAF2/41
Dichloromethane Sigma-Aldrich MKBR7629V use under a fumehood. Wear protective clothing
Thermo / HAAKE D Series Immersion Circulators Haake

References

  1. Isaacs, H. S. Aspects of corrosion from the ECS Publications. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149 (12), 85-87 (2002).
  2. Fontana, M. G., Greene, N. D. . Corrosion Engineering. , (1978).
  3. Pourbaix, M. Electrochemical corrosion of metallic biomaterials. Biomaterials. 5 (3), 122-134 (1984).
  4. Rechnitz, G. A. . Controlled-Potential Analysis. , (1963).
  5. Silverman, D. C., Revie, R. W. Chapter 68. Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook. , (2000).
  6. Gurappa, I. Characterization of different materials for corrosion resistance under simulated body fluid conditions. Mater Charact. 49 (1), 73-79 (2002).
  7. Antoniou, J., et al. Metal ion levels in the blood of patients after hip resurfacing: a comparison between twenty-eight and thirty-six-millimeter-head metal-on-metal prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90, 142-148 (2008).
  8. Billi, F., Campbell, P. Nanotoxicology of metal wear particles in total joint arthroplasty: a review of current concepts. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 8 (1), 1-6 (2010).
  9. Bradberry, S. M., Wilkinson, J. M., Ferner, R. E. Systemic toxicity related to metal hip prostheses. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 52 (8), 837-847 (2014).
  10. Davda, K., Lali, F. V., Sampson, B., Skinner, J. A., Hart, A. J. An analysis of metal ion levels in the joint fluid of symptomatic patients with metal-on-metal hip replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 93 (6), 738-745 (2011).
  11. Clarke, M. T., Lee, P. T., Arora, A., Villar, R. N. Levels of metal ions after small and large diameter metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 85 (6), 913-917 (2003).
  12. Brown, S. A., Hughes, P. J., Merritt, K. In vitro studies of fretting corrosion of orthopaedic materials. J Orthop Res. 6 (4), 572-579 (1988).
  13. Bryant, M., et al. Characterisation of the surface topography, tomography and chemistry of fretting corrosion product found on retrieved polished femoral stems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 32, 321-334 (2014).
  14. Jantzen, C., Jørgensen, H. L., Duus, B. R., Sporring, S. L., Lauritzen, J. B. Chromium and cobalt ion concentrations in blood and serum following various types of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. A literature review. Acta Orthopaedica. 84 (3), 229-236 (2013).
  15. Campbell, P., et al. Histological Features of Pseudotumor-like Tissues From Metal-on-Metal Hips. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 468 (9), 2321-2327 (2010).
  16. Cook, S. D., et al. The in vivo performance of 250 internal fixation devices: a follow-up study. Biomaterials. 8 (3), 177-184 (1987).
  17. Cooper, H. J., Urban, R. M., Wixson, R. L., Meneghini, R. M., Jacobs, J. J. Adverse local tissue reaction arising from corrosion at the femoral neck-body junction in a dual-taper stem with a cobalt-chromium modular neck. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95 (10), 865-872 (2013).
  18. Langton, D. J., Sprowson, A. P., Joyce, T. J., Reed, M., Carluke, I., Partington, P., Nargol, A. V. Blood metal ion concentrations after hip resurfacing arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 91 (10), 1287-1295 (2009).
  19. Langton, D. J., Jameson, S. S., Joyce, T. J., Webb, J., Nargol, A. V. The effect of component size and orientation on the concentrations of metal ions after resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90 (9), 1143-1151 (2008).
  20. Daniel, J., Ziaee, H., Pradhan, C., McMinn, D. J. Six-year results of a prospective study of metal ion levels in young patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 91 (2), 176-179 (2009).
  21. De Haan, R., et al. Correlation between inclination of the acetabular component and metal ion levels in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90 (10), 1291-1297 (2008).
  22. Dijkman, M. A., de Vries, I., Mulder-Spijkerboer, H., Meulenbelt, J. Cobalt poisoning due to metal-on-metal hip implants. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 156 (42), A4983 (2012).
  23. Fisher, J. Bioengineering reasons for the failure of metal-on-metal hip prostheses: an engineer’s perspective. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 93 (8), 1001-1004 (2011).
  24. Goldberg, J. R., et al. A Multicenter Retrieval Study of the Taper Interfaces of Modular Hip Prostheses. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (401), 149-161 (2002).
  25. Ingham, E., Fisher, J. Biological reactions to wear debris in total joint replacement. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 214 (1), 21-37 (2000).
  26. Gilbert, J. L., Buckley, C. A., Jacobs, J. J., Res, J. .. B. i. o. m. e. d. .. M. a. t. e. r. .. In vivo corrosion of modular hip prosthesis components in mixed and similar metal combinations. The effect of crevice, stress, motion and allot coupling. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 76 (1), 1533-1544 (1993).
  27. Browne, J. A., Bechtold, C. D., Berry, D. J., Hanssen, A. D., Lewallen, D. G. Failed metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties: a spectrum of clinical presentations and operative findings. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 468 (9), 2313-2320 (2010).
  28. Jantzen, C., Jorgensen, H. L., Duus, B. R., Sporring, S. L., Lauritzen, J. B. Chromium and cobalt ion concentrations in blood and serum following various types of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties: a literature overview. Acta Orthop. 84 (3), 229-236 (2013).
  29. Frangini, S., De Cristofaro, N. Analysis of galvanostatic polarisation method for determining reliable pitting potentials on stainless steels in crevice-free conditions. Corros Sci. 45 (12), 2769-2786 (2002).

Play Video

Cite This Article
Munir, S., Pelletier, M. H., Walsh, W. R. Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing. J. Vis. Exp. (115), e54351, doi:10.3791/54351 (2016).

View Video