Toluidine Blue Staining of Resin-Embedded Sections for Evaluation of Peripheral Nerve Morphology

Summary

Here we present a protocol to visualize fine structures of peripheral nerves by obtaining and staining 1-2 µm sections with toluidine blue

Abstract

Peripheral nerves extend throughout the body, innervating target tissues with motor or sensory axons. Due to widespread distribution, peripheral nerves are frequently damaged because of trauma or disease. As methods and strategies have been developed to assess peripheral nerve injury in animal models, function and regeneration, analyzing the morphometry of the peripheral nerve has become an essential terminal outcome measurement. Toluidine blue staining of nerve cross sections obtained from resin embedded nerve sections is a reproducible method for qualitative and quantitative assessments of peripheral nerves, enabling visualization of morphology number of axons and degree of myelination. This technique, as with many other histological methods, can be difficult to learn and master using standard written protocols. The intent of this publication is therefore to accentuate written protocols for toluidine blue staining of peripheral nerves with videography of the method, using sciatic nerves harvested from rats. In this protocol, we describe in vivo peripheral nerve fixation and collection of the tissue, and post-fixation with 2% osmium tetroxide, embedding of nerves in epoxy resin, and ultramicrotome sectioning of nerves to 1-2μm thickness. Nerve sections then transferred to a glass slide and stained with toluidine blue, after which they are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Examples of the most common problems are shown, as well as steps for mitigating these issues.

Introduction

Peripheral nerves extend throughout the body, innervating target tissues with motor or sensory axons¹. Peripheral nerve defects caused by medical disorders and trauma represent a major public health concern and have large economic impacts^2,3. Despite the advances in assessing the outcomes of peripheral nerve injuries and understanding nerve regeneration, traditional methods such as nerve histology and staining techniques are essential tools to qualitatively and quantitatively assess nerve health as a terminal outcome measurement in animal models or excised human tissue. This is often pa....

Protocol

Adult Sprague Dawley rats were used in this project and all procedures were approved by the University of Wyoming Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

1. Surgery and In Vivo Nerve Fixation

NOTE: Vendor information for all materials and equipment used in this protocol are listed in the Table of Materials.

NOTE: In vivo nerve fixation is used to preserve the tissue and reduce structural degradation that can occur between the time of death and collection of the nerves. In vivo tissue fixation is a standard practice for preparation of ....

Results

Resin embedded peripheral nerve sections stained with toluidine blue allow for accurate histological data quantifications. An overview of the procedure is shown in (Figure 2). Sciatic nerves sections embedded in resin medium and stained with toluidine blue showed clear images with optimal resolution (Figures 3). Nerve damage can cause many changes in nerve morphological structures, for example, changes in nerve fiber, axon diameter, and myeli.......

Discussion

Examinations of the morphological structures of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration are frequent subjects of study¹³. In this protocol, we describe the steps to obtain high quality images for histological data quantifications using rat sciatic nerve tissue embedded in resin blocks and stained with toluidine blue. This technique provides an image of nerve morphology in which the nerve regeneration can be quantified by measuring the number of axons, degree of myelination, presence of infiltrati.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffer Saline	Gibco	14200-075
Glutaraldehyde Solution	Sigma-Aldrich	G6257
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	S9638
Toluidine Blue O	Sigma-Aldrich	T3260
Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate	Acros Organics	205950010
Isoflurane	Piramal	NDC 66794-013-25
Epoxy Embedding Medium Kit	Sigma-Aldrich	45359
Sodium Hydroxide Solution	Sigma-Aldrich	72068	To adjust Trump's fixative pH
Acetone	Fisher Chemical	170942
Osmium Tetroxide Solution	Sigma-Aldrich	75632
VWR Micro Slides, Superfrost Plus	VWR	48311-703
Microscope Cover Glass	Fisher Scientific	12545102
Pelco Embedding Cast	Fisher Scientific	NC9671811
Glass Knife Maker	RMC Products	GKM-2
Ultramicrotome	RMC Products	MT-XL
15 mL Conical Tube	Falcon	ISO 9001
Eppendorf 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes	Sigma-Aldrich	T9661
4 mL Glass Vial	Sigma-Aldrich	854190
Razor Blades	VWR	55411-050	For trimming resin block
Perfect Loop	Electron Microscopy Sciences	70944	For picking up thin resin sections
Ultra Glass Knife Strips 6.4 mm x 25 mm x 400 mm	Electron Microscopy Sciences	71012
100 Watt Oven	Millipore	6350115
Whatman Filter Paper	Sigma-Aldrich	WHA10010155
3 mL plastic pipette	Sigma-Aldrich	Z331740
Micro-surgical Kit	World precision instruments
Olympus fluorescence microscope			Dual CCD Color and Monochrome Camera, DP80