Name: Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2020-08-28T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 3 min 26 s
Description: Learn to establish a detrusor underactivity model in rats using conus medullaris transection. This surgical method enables urodynamic studies of bladder dysfunction and supports therapeutic research.

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All rats were used according to protocols approved by the Animal Experimental Committee of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University.
1. Surgical preparation, anesthetization, and surgical techniques
NOTE: A total of 40 female Wistar rats, weighing 200&#8211;220 g, were commercially obtained for the present study. Of the 40 rats, 10 were randomly selected as the control group, and the rest were treated as the test group. All animals were housed in a sterile environment in the animal facilities of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University.
<ol>
	<li>Perform general anesthesia by administering sodium pentobarbital intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg). Alternatively, induce&#160;anesthesia using 3%-4% isoflurane and maintain it at 1%-3% (inhaled). Apply ophthalmic ointment on the&#160;eyes to prevent dryness. Then, place the rat on the surgical platform&#160;and provide thermal support.&#160; 
	NOTE:&#160;Administer analgesics such as buprenorphine, 0.05 mg/kg, SC, 0.1-0.2 mL at the beginning of the procedure.</li>
	<li>Check for the depth of anesthesia by the lack of response to the toe pinch. Shave the fur from the whole back area with a razor.</li>
	<li>Sterilize the surgical site with at least 3 cycles of a two-stage scrub such as Chlorhexidine or Povidone iodine followed by Isopropyl alcohol. Secure the limbs with surgical tape and make a median incision of about 3 cm on the back with surgical scissors.</li>
	<li>Deepen the incision through the subcutaneous tissues using surgical scissors&#160;and cut off the muscles attached to the spine.</li>
	<li>Visually identify and expose the 13th rib (the intervertebral space connected to that rib is interval T13&#8210;L1). Mark the 13th rib using a suture.</li>
	<li>After identification, carefully resect the muscles attached to the spine and expose the vertebral column. Resect the supraspinous ligament and interspinous ligament for an accurate identification of the vertebral column. Expose the level of L4&#8210;L5 with surgical scissors&#160;and forceps. 
	NOTE: The supraspinous ligament can be identified easily because of the presence of thin subcutaneous tissue. After the resection of supraspinous ligament, the ligament between spinous process is interspinous ligament.</li>
	<li>Carefully dissect away the L4&#8210;L5 vertebral spinous process and parts of the transverse process using Kelly forceps to expose the spinal cord (Figure 1).</li>
	<li>Completely expose the conus medullaris at the L4&#8210;L5 level and transect the conus medullaris totally with iridectomy scissors. Insert some tissue packing to block the recovery of the spinal cord.</li>
	<li>Close the overlying muscle and skin on the outer skin layer using 4-0 non-absorbable suture.</li>
	<li>For the control group, perform steps 1.1&#8210;1.7, and leave the conus medullaris intact. Close the incision according to step 1.9.</li>
</ol>
2. Animal recovery
<ol>
	<li>Keep the rats in a temperature-controlled incubator (37&#160;&#176;C) during the first hour post-operation and monitor them until they are&#160;sternal or actively moving. 
	NOTE: It takes about half an hour for total recovery.</li>
	<li>Transfer the animal to a clean cage with sufficient food and water. Keep the rats in separate cages. 
	NOTE: The transection&#39;s success is indicated when the rats in the test group move only with the help of forelegs, whereas the rats in the control group could walk normally.</li>
</ol>
3. Post-operation management
<ol>
	<li>Inject Penicillin G, an antibiotic (50,000 U/mL per animal) intraperitoneally. Administer analgesics such as buprenorphine, 0.05 mg/kg, SC, 0.1-0.2 mL&#160;every 6-12 hr for 48 hr post-operation.</li>
	<li>Compress the urinary bladder at the hypogastrium to help with the voiding. Perform this twice daily at the same time (8 am and 8 pm) for six weeks. 
	NOTE: The loss of normal constriction of detrusor is the symbol of DU.</li>
	<li>House all rats in metabolic cages, each containing a urine collection funnel placed over a previously weighed absorbent paper to monitor the micturition and incontinence.</li>
	<li>Collect and note the weight change of absorbent paper, which indicates the voided volume (VV), and the residual urine volume separately.</li>
</ol>
4. Urodynamic testing
<ol>
	<li>At six-weeks post-operation, perform a cystometrogram, using urodynamic measurement equipment as follows.
	<ol>
		<li>Anesthetize rats by injecting 10% chloral hydrate into the peritoneal cavity (3 mL/kg).</li>
		<li>Compress the bladder for voiding, then fix the rat to the surgical platform using a tape.</li>
		<li>Insert the epidural catheter (3F) into the bladder and connect the urodynamic measurement equipment, epidural catheter, and infusion pump by the three-limb tube.</li>
		<li>Pump physiological saline at a speed of 0.2 mL/min for urodynamic measurement (see Table of Materials). Record the MCC and DOP, and compliance of the bladder (calculated by dividing &#948; bladder volume with &#948; pressure of the detrusor).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Statistical analysis
<ol>
	<li>Perform statistical analysis using commercially available software.</li>
	<li>Use Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to test the normality of data.</li>
	<li>Express the normally distributed variables as mean values with standard deviations. Use the two-tailed paired Student&#8217;s t-tests to compare the parameters of cystometrogram in both groups. 
	NOTE: p &#60; 0.05 indicates that the difference had statistical significance.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>van Koeveeringe, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Detrusor+underactivity%3A+Pathophysiological+considerations%2C+models+and+proposals+for+future+research%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurourology+and+Urodynamics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Detrusor underactivity: Pathophysiological considerations, models and proposals for future research.</a> Neurourology and Urodynamics. 33 (5), ICI-RS 2013 591-596 (2014).</li>
<li>Osman, N. I., Esperto, F., Chapple, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Detrusor+Underactivity+and+the+Underactive+Bladder%3A+A+Systematic+Review+of+Preclinical+and+Clinical+Studies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Urology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Detrusor Underactivity and the Underactive Bladder: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.</a> European Urology. 74 (5), 633-643 (2018).</li>
<li>Osman, N. I., Chapple, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Contemporary+concepts+in+the+aetiopathogenesis+of+detrusor+underactivity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Reviews.+Urology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Contemporary concepts in the aetiopathogenesis of detrusor underactivity.</a> Nature Reviews. Urology. 11 (11), 639-648 (2014).</li>
<li>Panicker, J. N., Nagaraja, D., Kovoor, J. M. E., Nair, K. P. S., Subbakrishna, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lower+urinary+tract+dysfunction+in+acute+disseminated+encephalomyelitis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Multiple+Sclerosis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lower urinary tract dysfunction in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.</a> Multiple Sclerosis. 15 (9), Houndmills, Basingstoke, England. 1118-1122 (2009).</li>
<li>Lee, W. C., Wu, H. P., Tai, T. Y., Yu, H. J., Chiang, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Investigation+of+urodynamic+characteristics+and+bladder+sensory+function+in+the+early+stages+of+diabetic+bladder+dysfunction+in+women+with+type+2+diabetes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Urology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Investigation of urodynamic characteristics and bladder sensory function in the early stages of diabetic bladder dysfunction in women with type 2 diabetes.</a> The Journal of Urology. 181 (1), 198-203 (2009).</li>
<li>Araki, I., Kitachara, M., Oida, T., Kuno, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Voiding+dysfunction+and+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+disease%3A+urodynamic+abnormalities+and+urinary+symptoms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Urology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Voiding dysfunction and Parkinson’s disease: urodynamic abnormalities and urinary symptoms.</a> The Journal of Urology. 164 (5), 1640-1643 (2000).</li>
<li>Meng, N. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Incomplete+bladder+emptying+in+patients+with+stroke%3A+is+detrusor+external+sphincter+dyssynergia+a+potential+cause%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Archives+of+Physical+Medicine+and+Rehabilitation%22%5BJournal%5D)">Incomplete bladder emptying in patients with stroke: is detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia a potential cause.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 91 (7), 1105-1109 (2010).</li>
<li>FitzGerald, M. P., Brubaker, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+etiology+of+urinary+retention+after+surgery+for+genuine+stress+incontinence%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurourology+and+Urodynamics%22%5BJournal%5D)">The etiology of urinary retention after surgery for genuine stress incontinence.</a> Neurourology and Urodynamics. 20 (1), 13-21 (2001).</li>
<li>Rahman, M., Siddik, A. B. Neuroanatomy, Pontine Micturition Center. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aRahman%2C+M+%22StatPearls%22">StatPearls</a>. , (2020).</li>
<li>Wrobel, A., Lancut, M., Rechberger, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+new+model+of+detrusor+overactivity+in+conscious+rats+induced+by+retinyl+acetate+instillation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Pharmacological+and+Toxicological+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">A new model of detrusor overactivity in conscious rats induced by retinyl acetate instillation.</a> Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 74 (7), 16(2015).</li>
<li>Rosenzweig, E. S., McDonald, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rodent+models+for+treatment+of+spinal+cord+injury%3A+research+trends+and+progress+toward+useful+repair%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Opinion+in+Neurology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rodent models for treatment of spinal cord injury: research trends and progress toward useful repair.</a> Current Opinion in Neurology. 17 (2), 121-131 (2004).</li>
<li>Yoo, K. H., Lee, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Experimental+animal+models+of+neurogenic+bladder+dysfunction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Neurourology+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Experimental animal models of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.</a> International Neurourology Journal. 14 (1), 1-6 (2010).</li>
<li>Kanai, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sophisticated+models+and+methods+for+studying+neurogenic+bladder+dysfunction%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurourology+and+Urodynamics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sophisticated models and methods for studying neurogenic bladder dysfunction.</a> Neurourology and Urodynamics. 30 (5), 658-667 (2011).</li>
<li>Nomiya, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Progressive+vascular+damage+may+lead+to+bladder+underactivity+in+rats%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Urology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Progressive vascular damage may lead to bladder underactivity in rats.</a> The Journal of Urology. 191 (5), 1462-1469 (2014).</li>
<li>Seki, T., Hida, K., Tada, M., Koyanagi, I., Iwasaki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Graded+contusion+model+of+the+mouse+spinal+cord+using+a+pneumatic+impact+device%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurosurgery%22%5BJournal%5D)">Graded contusion model of the mouse spinal cord using a pneumatic impact device.</a> Neurosurgery. 50 (5), discussion 1081-1082 1075-1081 (2002).</li>
<li>Yeo, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+a+rat+model+of+graded+contusive+spinal+cord+injury+using+a+pneumatic+impact+device%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Korean+Medical+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device.</a> Journal of Korean Medical Science. 19 (4), 574-580 (2004).</li>
<li>Bergman, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Spinal+cord+transplants+permit+the+growth+of+serotonergic+axons+across+the+site+of+neonatal+spinal+cord+transection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Spinal cord transplants permit the growth of serotonergic axons across the site of neonatal spinal cord transection.</a> Brain Research. 431 (2), 265-279 (1987).</li>
<li>Chancellor, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Underactive+bladder%3B+Review+of+progress+and+impact+from+the+International+CURE-UAB+Initiative%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Neurourology+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Underactive bladder; Review of progress and impact from the International CURE-UAB Initiative.</a> International Neurourology Journal. 24 (1), 3-11 (2020).</li>
<li>Pfisterer, M. H. D., Griffiths, D. J., Schaefer, W., Resnick, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+effect+of+age+on+lower+urinary+tract+function%3A+a+study+in+women%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Geriatrics+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">The effect of age on lower urinary tract function: a study in women.</a> Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 54 (3), 405-412 (2006).</li>
<li>Duchen, L. W., Anjorin, A., Watkins, P. J., Mackay, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pathology+of+autonomic+neuropathy+in+diabetes+mellitus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annals+of+Internal+Medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pathology of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.</a> Annals of Internal Medicine. 92 (2), 301-303 (1980).</li>
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<li>Drake, M. J., Harvey, I. J., Gillespie, J. I., Van Duyl, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Localized+contractions+in+the+normal+human+bladder+and+in+urinary+urgency%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22BJU+International%22%5BJournal%5D)">Localized contractions in the normal human bladder and in urinary urgency.</a> BJU International. 95 (7), 1002-1005 (2005).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

DU is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in both men and women. It is a complex constellation of symptoms with few treatment options that can significantly diminish the quality-of-life (Qol) of those affected18. Although it is believed that DU is multifactorial, the understanding of its pathogenesis remains rudimentary. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of DU might be related to myogenic and neurogenic factors.
In the myogenic hypotheses, it was obser...

Detrusor underactivity (DU) is a typical lower urinary tract dysfunction that has remained under studied. Even though DU has been defined by the International Continence Society (ICS)1, numerous different terminologies are used to refer to this disease, e.g., &#8220;detrusor failure,&#8221; &#8220;acontractile bladder,&#8221; &#8220;detrusor areflexia&#8221;2. DU, as defined by the International Continence Society (ICS) in 2002, is a contraction of reduced strength and duration, which results in prolonged increase in time for bladder emptying, thereby resulting in failure to achieve complete bladder emptying within a normal period.
DU may affect 48% of men and 12% of women (aged &#62;70 years)3 with lower urinary tract symptoms. It seems to be multifactorial, and no effective treatment exists. It is reported that DU is ubiquitous in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction, such as multiple sclerosis4, diabetes mellitus5, Parkinson&#8217;s disease6, or cerebral stroke7. DU can also be caused by iatrogenic nerve damage, such as laparoscopic hysterectomy, prostatectomy, or other surgical interventions in the small pelvis8. The pathophysiology changes and available treatments of DU are still confusing because of the lack of an appropriate animal model for study.
The micturition reflex is controlled by spino-bulbospinal pathways that combines the pontine micturition center, sacral parasympathetic nucleus, and more senior cortex centers9. Activation and maintenance of the micturition reflex mainly depend on the regular transport of sensory signals from the bladder to more senior cortex centers. It may be postulated that sensory dysfunction contributes to DU.
Most experimental animal studies related to lower urinary tract dysfunctions have focused on overactive bladder (OAB) models10. These models provide a reasonable understanding of OAB pathophysiology and prognosis. However, only a few DU models have been reported, e.g., supraspinal injury (local lesions, decerebration, and middle cerebral artery occlusion), spinal cord transection or contusion injury, systemic (e.g., cyclophosphamide) or intravesical administration of irritant or in&#64258;ammatory agents (e.g., acid, acrolein, and lipopolysaccharide)11,12,13,14. Among these methods, only the spinal cord transection or contusion injury method can be used in establishing an animal model of DU13. Attempts involving the injury of the pontine micturition center and higher cortex centers were abandoned because of the severe trauma. So, increased attention is being paid to find an accurate location in the micturition reflex center to induce the DU with minimum side effects.
As mentioned previously, one of the mechanisms of inducing DU is to injure the spinal cord to damage the signaling pathway of the micturition reflex. Allen&#8217;s weight-drop method was developed to establish laboratory animals with injured spinal cords15. However, there are no further experimental data available on this method. Moreover, since parts of the animals recovered spinal function after stroke without DU, it cannot be considered as a perfect method for generating a DU animal model16.
In 1987, Bregman excogitated a process of transecting the spinal cord for generating the DU animal model and acquired experimental data17. Nevertheless, this method was not applied to establish the DU animal model. At that time, researchers were still confused about the pathogenesis of DU. As locations in the spinal cord associated with the induction of OAB or DU are adjacent to each other, they were unable to find the accurate site of damage to the spinal cord to induce DU17. OAB and DU were introduced either together or separately by this method. So, although this method introduced DU, it was imprecise and could not be used for the understanding of DU&#8217;s occurrence and processing.
As stated above, the lack of a suitable animal model of DU is one of the main obstacles for the study of DU. Researchers are continuously looking for an accurate and manageable model that can simulate the pathology of DU. Even the treatment options for DU have not significantly improved during the last 20 years. Collectively, there is a great need to describe a standard protocol for establishing an animal model of DU.
So, in this paper, we describe a method to successfully establish a rat model of DU by conus medullaris transection. Transection was performed at the L4&#8210;L5 level to separate the conus medullaris. The maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), detrusor opening pressure (DOP), and compliance of the bladder were recorded and analyzed to validate the protocol. The protocol stated below combines both feasibility and reliability in a standardized manner to establish the DU animal model, simulating the occurrence and processing of DU. The protocol can be used as a technique for further study of DU.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.9% saline</td><td>Wuhan Prosai Company</td><td>EY-C1178</td><td>pump for urodynamic measurement</td></tr><tr><td>10% chloral hydrate</td><td>Shandong Yulong Co., Ltd</td><td>H37022673</td><td>3mL/kg, administered intraperitoneally</td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine Hydrochloride Injection</td><td>Tianjin Pharmaceutical Research Institute Pharmaceutical Co. LTD</td><td>H12020275</td><td>0.05mg/kg subcutaneously 24h and 48h postoperation</td></tr><tr><td>Epidural Catheter</td><td>Shandong Xinghua Co, Ltd</td><td>VABR3L</td><td>for urodynamic measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin G</td><td>Alta Technology Co., Ltd</td><td>1ST5637</td><td>50,000 unit/ml per animal</td></tr><tr><td>pentobarbital</td><td>Beijing solabo Technology Co., Ltd</td><td>NK-WF0001</td><td>40 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally</td></tr><tr><td>Suture line(4-0)</td><td>ETHICON</td><td>VCP422H</td><td>suture the injury</td></tr><tr><td>Three-limb tube</td><td>Shandong Xinghua Co, Ltd</td><td>VAB3T</td><td>for urodynamic measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Trace infusion pump</td><td>Zhejiang Smith Medical Instrument Co., Ltd</td><td>20162540335</td><td>Pump the saline at a speed of 0.2ml/min for urodynamic measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Urodynamic measurement equipment</td><td>Medical Measurement SystemsB.V.</td><td>08-0467</td><td>urodynamic measurement equipment can not only help the diagnosis of dysuria, but also provide objective materials for treatment and therapeutic effect. It is the most commonly used examination method in clinical diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract functional diseases</td></tr><tr><td>Wistar Rats</td><td>HFK Biotechnology Co.Ltd,Beijing ,China</td><td>SCXK2012-0023</td><td>200-220g</td></tr></tbody></table>

detrusor underactivity model in rats by conus medullaris transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

The goal of the presented protocol was to establish a detrusor underactivity (DU) model in the rat through conus medullaris transection. Laminectomy was performed in a total of 40 female Wistar rats (control group: 10 rats; test group: 30 rats) weighing 200&#8211;220 g, and the conus medullaris was transected at the L4&#8210;L5 level in the test group. All the rats were housed and fed under the same environmental conditions for six weeks. In the test group, urine voiding was performed twice daily for six weeks, and mean residual urine volume was recorded. A cystometrogram was performed in both groups. Maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), detrusor opening pressure (DOP), and compliance of the bladder were recorded and calculated. The test group showed significant urinary retention after the surgery, both during and after the spinal shock. However, no abnormality was observed in the control group. When compared to the control group, the MCC and compliance of bladder in the test group was significantly higher than that of the test group (3.24 &#177; 2.261 mL versus 1.04 &#177; 0.571 mL; 0.43 &#177; 0.578 mL/cmH2O versus 0.032 &#177; 0.016 mL/cmH2O), whereas DOP in the test group was lower than control (20.28 &#177; 14.022 cmH2O versus 35 &#177; 13.258 cmH2O). This method of establishing an animal model of DU by the conus medullaris transection offers an excellent opportunity to understand DU&#8217;s pathophysiology in a better manner.

The entire procedure of the conus medullaris transection can be completed within 45 min by experienced surgeons. Our laboratory has performed over 100 cases of conus medullaris transection surgeries. The success rate is over 95%, as defined by the rats’ survival and successful induction of DU. The urodynamic test confirmed the induction of DU.
Based on our experience, the induction of DU can be preliminarily evaluated by the residual urine volume. The retention of urine was observed immediatel...

We present a method for establishing a detrusor underactivity model by conus medullaris transection in rats. Detrusor underactivity was successfully stimulated in these animals. The model can be used for studying urinary tract function.

The goal of the presented protocol was to establish a detrusor underactivity (DU) model in the rat through conus medullaris transection. Laminectomy was ...

detrusor-underactivity-model-in-rats-by-conus-medullaris-transection

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Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model

This protocol first describes the surgical procedure of the permanent implantation of a urinary bladder catheter combined with external urethral sphincter electrodes, and second, the measurement of the function of the urinary bladder and external urethral sphincter in implanted awake animals.

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

The detrusor-free bladder model enables direct access to the suburothelium to study local mechanisms for regulation of biologically active mediator availability in suburothelium/lamina propria during storage and voiding of urine. The preparation closely resembles filling of an intact bladder and allows pressure-volume studies to be performed without systemic influences.

A Decentralized (Ex Vivo) Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

In the present protocol, a urethral stricture induction was developed in Wistar rats, followed by urethral reconstruction with a buccal mucosa graft. A retrograde urethrogram and laser Doppler assessment were performed, validating urethral reconstruction (after stricture formation) and graft placement.

Urethral Stricture Induction Followed by Buccal Mucosa Graft Urethroplasty in a Rat Model

The present protocol describes a step-by-step, reproducible model of unilateral ureteral obstruction.

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons are completely transected (axotomy) die within 14 days after axotomy. This model is easily amenable to experimental manipulations and highly reproducible.

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Learn to establish a detrusor underactivity model in rats using conus medullaris transection. This surgical method enables urodynamic studies of bladder dysfunction and supports therapeutic research.

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

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