Analyse van de Single-cell gentranscriptie door RNA TL<em> In Situ</em> Hybridisatie (FISH)
Summary
Fluorescerende<em> In situ</em> Hybridisatie (FISH) om mRNA transcripten in individuele cellen te identificeren maakt analyse van polygene activiteit zoals de gelijktijdige transcriptie van meer dan een lid van de<em> Var</em> Multigenfamilie in<em> Plasmodium falciparum</em> Geïnfecteerde erythrocyten<sup> 1</sup>. De techniek is aanpasbaar en kan gebruikt worden op verschillende genen, cellen en organismen.
Abstract
Hechting van Plasmodium falciparum geïnfecteerde erythrocyten (IE) om humane endotheliale receptoren tijdens malariabesmettingen wordt gemedieerd door expressie van PfEMP1 eiwitvarianten gecodeerd door de genen var.
De haploïde P. falciparum genoom herbergt ongeveer 60 verschillende var genen waarvan slechts een is verondersteld te transcriberen per cel tegelijk in het bloed stadium van de infectie. Hoe dergelijke elkaar uitsluitende regulatie van var gentranscriptie wordt bereikt is onduidelijk, evenals de identificatie van de individuele var genen of subgroepen van var genen geassocieerd met verschillende receptoren en het gevolg van differentiële bindend zijn voor de klinische uitkomst van P. falciparum infecties. Onlangs heeft de transcriptie elkaar uitsluitende paradigma is in twijfel getrokken door transcriptie assays gebaseerd op individuele P. falciparum transcript identificatie in enkele infected erytrocytaire cellen met behulp van RNA fluorescente in situ hybridisatie (FISH) analyse van var gentranscriptie door de parasiet in individuele kernen van P. falciparum IE 1.
Hier geven we een gedetailleerd protocol voor het uitvoeren van de RNA-FISH methode voor de analyse van var gentranscriptie in enkele kernen van P. falciparum geïnfecteerde humane erythrocyten. De methode is gebaseerd op het gebruik van digoxigenine en biotine-gelabelde antisense RNA probes met de TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System 2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopische analyse en vers geselecteerd P. falciparum IE. De in situ hybridisatie methode kan worden gebruikt om transcriptie en regulering van een aantal genen die tijdens de verschillende fasen van het P. toezicht falciparum levenscyclus en is aanpasbaar aan andere malariaparasiet soorten en andere organismen en celtypes.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
RNA FISH analyse, in tegenstelling tot werkwijzen zoals Northern blotting en RT-PCR, maakt onderscheid specifieke mRNA transcripten in de enkele cel. Dit maakt het mogelijk onderscheid te maken tussen transcriptioneel actieve en inactieve cellen, in dit voorbeeld, P. falciparum parasitaire protozoa in menselijke rode bloedcellen. Dergelijke whole-cell waarnemingen zijn vaak nodig en kunnen ontrafelen belangrijke en nieuwe transcriptionele patronen 1.
Hoewel andere RNA FIS…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
De auteurs willen graag Michael Alifrangis en Ulla Abildtrup bedanken voor genotypering van parasieten en Christina Holm voor een uitstekende technische bijstand. Dit werk werd gefinancierd door Howard Hughes Medical Institute (subsidie 55005511), De Lundbeck Foundation (subsidie R9-A840) en door het Niels Bohr Foundation.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
| Acetic Acid | Sigma/Aldrich | 338826-100ml | |
| Albumax media: RPMI 1640 Glutamine solution | Lonza | BE12-115F | 500 ml RPMI 1640
5 ml glutamine solution |
| Albumax media: Gentamycin sulphate Albumax-solution | Lonza | BE02-012E | 2.5 ml gentamycin sulphate
50 ml Albumax-solution |
| Albumax-solution: Hypoxanthine | Sigma-Aldrich | H9377 | 0.8 g Hypoxanthine |
| Albumax-solution: AlbuMAX II | Invitrogen | 11021-037 | 200 g Albumax |
| Albumax-solution: RPMI 1640 | Lonza | BE12-115F | 4 liter RPMI 1640
Dissolve with magnet at max. 50 °C. Filter sterilize and store at -20 °C in aliquots. |
| Amberlite | Sigma | A5710-110G | Resin to deionize formamide. |
| Anti-biotin goat pAb Peroxidase Conjugate | Calbiochem | 203206 | |
| Anti-Dig antibody | Novus biologicals | NB100-41330 | |
| Anti-fade reagent with DAPI | Invitrogen | P36931 | The mounting media has to cure for 24 hr before sealing the slide completely. |
| Biotin RNA Labeling Mix | Roche | 11685597910 | |
| Camera digital | Nikon digital sight DC-F11 | ||
| Coverslips | Menzel-glaser | 631-1570 | |
| culture flask 25 cm2 Nunclon surface | Nunc | 156340 | |
| DEPC | Fluka/Sigma | 32490-100ml | 1 ml DEPC in 1000 ml deinonized water. Add a stir bar and stir for 12 hr. Autoclave for 30 min. |
| Digital camera | Nikon digital sight DC-F11 | ||
| Dynabeads Protein A | Invitrogen | 10002D | |
| DynaMaq-15 Magnet | Invitrogen | 123-01D | |
| Formamide bioultra 99 % | Fluka/Sigma | 47671-1l-F | Deionized formamide: 5 g of ion exchange resin per 100 ml of formamide. Stir 30 min. Filter through Whatman paper. |
| Gelatine 0.75% solution: Gelatine | Sigma-Aldrich | G2500 | 3.75 g gelatine in 500 ml RPMI 1640. Heat to 56 °C to dissolve. Filter sterilize when 56 °C. Store at -20 °C in aliquots. |
| Gelatine 0.75% solution: RPMI 1640 | Lonza | BE12-115F | 3.75 g gelatine in 500 ml RPMI 1640. Heat to 56 °C to dissolve. Filter sterilize when 56 °C. Store at -20 °C in aliquots. |
| Glutamine solution: L-glutamin | Sigma-Aldrich | G3126 | 14.6 g L glutamine in 500 ml 0.9 % NaCl. Dissolve, filter sterilize and store at -20 °C in aliquots. |
| Glutamine solution: HCl | Sigma | H1758 | 14.6 g L glutamine in 500 ml 0.9 % NaCl. Dissolve, filter sterilize and store at -20 °C in aliquots. |
| Hybridization solution: Formamide Bio ultra 99% SSC 20x | Fluka/Sigma | 47671-1l-F | Total 20 ml, keep frozen at -20 °C in aliquots 10 ml deionized formamide |
| Hybridization solution: Denhardt’s 50x concentrate | Sigma | D2532 | 5 ml 20xSSC |
| Hybridization solution: Yeast tRNARoche blocking reagent | Sigma | R-6750 | 2 ml 50x Denhardt’s 250 μl 20 mg per ml yeast tRNA |
| Hybridization solution: Salmon sperm DNA | Fluka/Sigma | 31149-106GF | 0.4 g Roche blocking reagent 1 ml of 10 mg per ml salmon sperm DNA (Critical: denature salmon spermDNA at 96 °C for 5 min before adding to the hybridization solution) |
| Hybridizer ThermoStar 100 HC4 | Quantifoil Instruments GmbH | 1004-0011 | Can be replaced by hybridization oven and RNase free hybridization chambers padded with DEPC water. |
| Immersion oil UV transparent fluorescence free | Sigma | 10976-1EA | |
| Immunofluorescence or confocal microscope | Nikon D-Eclipse TE2000C | ||
| Nailpolish | Available in any drugstore | ||
| PBS 20x:NaCl
KCl Na2HPO4 x 2H2O KH2PO4 DEPC deionized H2O |
Ajust pH to 7.4
160 g 4 g 23 g 4 g 1 l |
||
| Paraformaldehyde 4 % | Fluka/chemika | 76240 | 4 g PFA in 80 ml PBS/DEPC. Heat to 65 °C until the PFA dissolves. Add 20 ml PBS, allow the solution to cool. Adjust the pH to 7.4. Filter. Store in aliquots at -20 °C. |
| Paraformaldehyde 4 %/ Acid acetic 5 % | 950 μl paraformaldhyde + 50 μl Acetic acid | ||
| Pepsin | Sigma/Aldrich | P7000 | |
| Peroxidase-conjugated anti-biotin | Calbiochem | 203206 | |
| RBC-wash media: RPMI 1640 Glutamine solution | Lonza | BE12-115F | 500 ml RPMI 1640 5 ml glutamine solution |
| RBC-wash media: Gentamycin sulfate | Lonza | BE02-012E | 2.5 ml gentamycin sulphate |
| RNase | Sigma/Aldrich | Make a 10 mg/ml stock solution. | |
| RNase free 1.5 ml tube | Ambion | AM12450 | |
| RNase Zap | Ambion | AM9780 | |
| Slides 4 wells 11 mm | Thermo Scientific | MENZXER306W | |
| SSC 20x: NaCl | Sigma/Aldrich | S9625 | 3 M NaCl (175 g/l) 0.3M Na3 citrate x H2O (88 g/l) Adjust to pH 7.0 with 1M HCl |
| SSC 20x: Sodium citrate dehydrate | Sigma/aldrich | W302600 | 3 M NaCl (175 g/l) 0.3M Na3 citrate x H2O (88 g/l) Adjust to pH 7.0 with 1M HCl |
| SSPE 20x: NaCl | Sigma/Aldrich | S9625 | 175.3 g NaCl |
| SSPE 20x: NaH2PO4 | Sigma/Aldrich | S0751 | 27.6 g NaH2PO4. |
| SSPE 20x:4 EDTA powder | 9.4 g EDTA powder Add DEPC water, adjust pH 7.4. Autoclave for 20 min |
||
| TNB buffer: TNT buffer | 10 ml TNT buffer | ||
| TNB buffer: Blocking reagent | 0.05 g Blocking reagent To dissolve the blocking reagent, heat the solution to 60 °C for one hour with stirring. Store at -20 °C. (Derived from the Perkin Elmer TSA-protocol.) |
||
| TNT buffer: Tris/HCl | Sigma | T1503 | 1M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0 |
| TNT buffer: NaCl | Sigma Aldrich | S9625 | 100 ml |
| TNT buffer: Tween20 | Sigma | 93773 | 5 M NaCl 30 ml 1 ml DEPC dH2O 869 Ml Adjust pH to 7.5 at room temperature. (Derived from the Perkin Elmer TSA-protocol.) |
| TSA plus Cyanine3/ Fluorescein system | Perkin Elmer | NEL753000IKT | Read the protocol from the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System carefully before starting the experiment. |
| Tubes 14 ml sterile | Almeco – CM LAB Aps | 91016 |
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