Kvantifisering av protein uttrykk og samlokalisering Bruke multiplekset Immuno-histokjemisk Farging og multispektrale bildebehandling
Summary
Immunohistochemistry is a powerful lab technique for evaluating protein localization and expression within tissues. Current semi-automated methods for quantitation introduce subjectivity and often create irreproducible results. Herein, we describe methods for multiplexed immunohistochemistry and objective quantitation of protein expression and co-localization using multispectral imaging.
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within tissues. Many semi-quantitative systems have been developed for scoring expression using immunohistochemistry, but inherent subjectivity limits reproducibility and accuracy of results. Furthermore, the investigation of spatially overlapping biomarkers such as nuclear transcription factors is difficult with current immunohistochemistry techniques. We have developed and optimized a system for simultaneous investigation of multiple proteins using high throughput methods of multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry is performed by sequential application of primary antibodies with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Different chromogens are used to detect each protein of interest. Stained slides are loaded into an automated slide scanner and a protocol is created for automated image acquisition. A spectral library is created by staining a set of slides with a single chromogen on each. A subset of representative stained images are imported into multispectral imaging software and an algorithm for distinguishing tissue type is created by defining tissue compartments on images. Subcellular compartments are segmented by using hematoxylin counterstain and adjusting the intrinsic algorithm. Thresholding is applied to determine positivity and protein co-localization. The final algorithm is then applied to the entire set of tissues. Resulting data allows the user to evaluate protein expression based on tissue type (ex. epithelia vs. stroma) and subcellular compartment (nucleus vs. cytoplasm vs. plasma membrane). Co-localization analysis allows for investigation of double-positive, double-negative, and single-positive cell types. Combining multispectral imaging with multiplexed immunohistochemistry and automated image acquisition is an objective, high-throughput method for investigation of biomarkers within tissues.
Introduction
Immunhistokjemi (IHC) er en standard lab teknikk for påvisning av protein i vev, og IHC er fortsatt mye brukt i både forskning og diagnostisk patologi. Evalueringen av IHC-farging er ofte semikvantitativ, innføre mulig skjevhet i tolkning av resultater. Mange semi-kvantitative metoder har blitt utviklet som innlemme både fargeintensitet og farging grad til endelig diagnose 1-4. Andre systemer inkluderer scoring intensitet og subcellulære sted for å bedre lokalisere uttrykket 5. Inkorporering av gjennomsnittlige poeng fra flere seere er ofte benyttet for å minimalisere virkningene av enkelt betrakteren skjevhet 6. Til tross for dette, er fremdeles subjektivitet i analysen, spesielt når man skal vurdere omfanget av flekker 7. Protokoll standardisering og minimere subjektivitet fra menneskelig input er avgjørende for å skape nøyaktige og reproduserbare IHC resultater.
innhold "> Det finnes andre muligheter i tillegg til IHC for bestemmelse av protein ekspresjon i vev. Innenfor forskning innstilling, har immunhistokjemi tradisjonelt blitt sett på som et middel for å undersøke protein lokalisering 8, mens andre teknikker så som immunoblotting blir sett på som gullstandard for å undersøke protein ekspresjon . Bestemme vev eller cellerommet spesifikke uttrykk er vanskelig uten å innlemme avanserte teknikker som cellefraksjonering eller laser capture mikrodisseksjon 9,10. bruken av fluorescerende antistoffer på vev lysbilder tilbyr et rimelig kompromiss, men bakgrunnen autofluorescence grunn av NADPH, lipofuscins, retikulære fiber, kollagen og elastin kan gjøre nøyaktig kvantifisering vanskelig 11.Automatiserte beregnings patologi plattformer er en lovende retning for mer objektiv kvantifisering av patologi farging 12-15. Kombinere multispektrale bildebehandling med microarraymuliggjør high-throughput analyser av protein uttrykk i store utvalgsstørrelser. Med disse teknikkene, er analyse av protein co-lokalisering, beising heterogenitet, og vev og subcellulær lokalisering mulig samtidig vesentlig reduksjon både iboende skjevheter og tiden som er nødvendig for analyse, mens retur av data i en kontinuerlig snarere enn kategoriske format 16. Derfor er hensikten med denne studien var å demonstrere nytten av og metode for å utføre multipleksede immunhistokjemi med analyse, ved hjelp av multispektrale bildebehandling.
Denne protokollen er skrevet for manuell, multipleks immunhistokjemisk farging av en enkelt vev seksjon lysbilde med fire optimaliserte monoklonale antistoffer. Som et representativt eksperiment, blir kjernefysisk-anti-kanin østrogen reseptor alfa (ERα) og androgenreseptoren (AR) multiplekset med membran-bundet anti-mus CD147 og membran-bundet anti-mus-E-cadherin. Enhver antistoff av valget kan substituted for antistoffer oppført her, men hver kombinasjon av antistoffer krever egen optimalisering. Forbehandling for alle antistoffene må være identiske. De AR og CD147 antistoffer bør optimaliseres individuelt og deretter som en cocktail. Hvert antistoff blir påvist ved å bruke et biotin-fri polymer-system og en av 4 unike kromogener.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Bruken av tradisjonelle immunhistokjemi for å evaluere protein ekspresjon er begrenset av subjektive, semi-kvantitative analysemetoder 22,23. Advance plattformer har blitt opprettet for high-throughput analyser av biomarkør uttrykk og lokalisering. Detaljert segmentering av både vev og subcellulære avdelinger tillater brukere å studere biomarkør uttrykk, lokalisering og samlokalisering med andre markører av interesse. I tidligere studier har vi demonstrert nytten av IHC og multispektrale bildebehandlin…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Forfatterne takker University of Wisconsin translasjonsforskning Initiatives i patologi laboratorium, delvis støttet av UW Avdeling for patologi og laboratoriemedisin og UWCCC bevilgning P30 CA014520, for bruk av sine fasiliteter og tjenester.
Materials
| Xylene | Fisher Chemical | X3F1GAL | NFPA rating:Health – 2, Fire – 3 , Reactivity-0 |
| Ethyl Alcohol-200 proof | Fisher Scientific | 4355223 | NFPA rating:Health – 0, Fire – 3 , Reactivity-0 |
| Tris Base | Fisher Scientific | BP152-500 | NFPA rating:Health – 2, Fire – 0 , Reactivity-0 |
| Tris Hydroxymethyl aminomethane HCl | Fisher Scientific | BP153-1 | NFPA rating:Health – 2, Fire – 0 , Reactivity-0 |
| Tween 20 | Chem-Impex | 1512 | NFPA rating:Health – 0, Fire –1 , Reactivity-0 |
| Phosphate-buffered saline | Fisher Scientific | BP2944-100 | NFPA rating:Health – 1, Fire –0 , Reactivity-0 |
| Peroxidazed | Biocare Medical | PX968 | Avoid contact with skin and eyes. May cause skin irritation and eye damage. |
| Diva Decloaker | Biocare Medical | DV2004 | This product has been classified as non‐hazardous based on the physical and/or chemical nature and/or concentration of ingredients. |
| Estrogen Receptor alpha | Thermo Fisher Scientific-Labvision | RM9101 | Not classified as hazardous |
| Androgen Receptor | SCBT | sc-816 | Not classified as hazardous |
| CD147 | Biodesign | P87535M | Not classified as hazardous |
| E-cadherin | Dako | M3612 | Not classified as hazardous |
| Renoir Red Andibody Diluent | Biocare Medical | PD904 | It is specially designed to work with Tris-based antibodies |
| DeCloaking Chamber | Biocare Medical | Model DC2002 | Take normal precautions for using a pressure cooker |
| Barrier pen-Immuno Edge | Vector Labs | H-4000 | |
| Denaturing Kit-Elution step | Biocare Medical | DNS001H | Not classified as hazardous |
| Mach 2 Goat anti-Rabbit HRP Polymer | Biocare Medical | RHRP520 | Not classified as hazardous |
| Mach 2 Goat anti-Rabbit AP Polymer | Biocare Medical | RALP525 | Not classified as hazardous |
| Mach 2 Goat anti-Mouse HRP Polymer | Biocare Medical | M3M530 | Not classified as hazardous |
| Betazoid DAB Chromogen Kit | Biocare Medical | BDB2004 | 1. DAB is known to be a suspected carcinogen. 2. Do not expose DAB components to strong light or direct sunlight. 3. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing. 4. DAB may cause sensitization of skin. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. 5. Observe all federal, state and local environmental regarding disposal |
| Warp Red Chromogen Kit | Biocare Medical | WR806 | Corrosive. Acid that may cause skin irritation or eye damage. |
| Vina Green Chromogen Kit | Biocare Medical | BRR807 | Harmful if swallowed |
| Bajoran Purple Chromogen Kit | Biocare Medical | BJP807 | Flammable liquid. Keep away from heat, flames and sparks. Harmful by ingestion or absorption. Avoid contact with skin or eyes, and avoid inhalation. |
| Cat Hematoxylin | Biocare Medical | CATHE | Purple solution with a mild acetic acid (vinegar) scent. May be irritating to skin or eyes. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid ingestion. |
| XYL Mounting Media | Richard Allen | 8312-4 | NFPA rating:Health – 2, Fire – 3 , Reactivity-0 |
| 1.5 Coverslips | Fisher Brand | 22266858 | Sharp edges |
| Incubation (Humidity)Chamber | obsolete | obsolete | Multiple vendors available |
| Convection Oven | Stabil- Therm | C-4008-Q | |
| Background Punisher Blocking Reagent | Biocare Medical | BP974 | This product is not classified as hazardous. |
| inForm software | PerkinElmer | CLS135781 | Primary multispectral imaging software used in manuscript |
| Nuance software | PerkinElmer | NUANCEEX | Software used for making spectral libraries within manuscript |
| Vectra microscope and slide scanner | PerkinElmer | VECTRA | Automated slide scanner and microscope for obtaining IM3 image cubes |
References
- Valdman, A., et al. Expression of redox pathway enzymes in human prostatic tissue. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 31 (6), 367-374 (2009).
- Rimm, D. L., Camp, R. L., Charette, L. A., Olsen, D. A., Provost, E. Amplification of tissue by construction of tissue microarrays. Exp Mol Pathol. 70 (3), 255-264 (2001).
- Jonmarker, S., et al. Expression of PDX-1 in prostate cancer, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and benign prostatic tissue. APMIS. 116 (6), 491-498 (2008).
- McCarty, K. S., Miller, L. S., Cox, E. B., Konrath, J., McCarty, K. S. Estrogen receptor analyses. Correlation of biochemical and immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antireceptor antibodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 109 (8), 716-721 (1985).
- Volante, M., et al. Somatostatin receptor type 2A immunohistochemistry in neuroendocrine tumors: a proposal of scoring system correlated with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Mod Pathol. 20 (11), 1172-1182 (2007).
- Muris, J. J., et al. Immunohistochemical profiling of caspase signaling pathways predicts clinical response to chemotherapy in primary nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Blood. 105 (7), 2916-2923 (2005).
- Jaraj, S. J., et al. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of interpretation of immunohistochemical stains of prostate cancer. Virchows Arch. 455 (4), 375-381 (2009).
- Nakane, P. K., Pierce, G. B. Enzyme-labeled antibodies: preparation and application for the localization of antigens. J Histochem Cytochem. 14 (12), 929-931 (1966).
- Peters, T. J. Investigation of tissue organelles by a combination of analytical subcellular fractionation and enzymic microanalysis: a new approach to pathology. J Clin Pathol. 34 (1), 1-12 (1981).
- Emmert-Buck, M. R., et al. Laser Capture Microdissection. Science. 274 (5289), 998-1001 (1996).
- Waters, J. C. Accuracy and precision in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. J Cell Biol. 185 (7), 1135-1148 (2009).
- Huang, W., Hennrick, K., Drew, S. A colorful future of quantitative pathology: validation of Vectra technology using chromogenic multiplexed immunohistochemistry and prostate tissue microarrays. Hum Pathol. 44 (1), 29-38 (2013).
- Rimm, D. L. C-Path: A Watson-Like Visit to the Pathology Lab. Science Translational Medicine. 3 (108), (2011).
- Fiore, C., et al. Utility of multispectral imaging in automated quantitative scoring of immunohistochemistry. J Clin Pathol. 65 (6), 496-502 (2012).
- Stack, E. C., Wang, C., Roman, K. A., Hoyt, C. C. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry, imaging, and quantitation: A review, with an assessment of Tyramide signal amplification, multispectral imaging and multiplex analysis. Methods. 70 (1), 46-58 (2014).
- Rizzardi, A. E., et al. Quantitative comparison of immunohistochemical staining measured by digital image analysis versus pathologist visual scoring. Diagn Pathol. 7, 42 (2012).
- Bauman, T. M., et al. Characterization of fibrillar collagens and extracellular matrix of glandular benign prostatic hyperplasia nodules. PLoS One. 9 (10), e109102 (2014).
- Bauman, T. M., et al. Beta-catenin is elevated in human benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens compared to histologically normal prostate tissue. Am J Clin Exp Urol. 2 (4), 313-322 (2014).
- Bauman, T. M., Ewald, J. A., Huang, W., Ricke, W. A. CD147 expression predicts biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy independent of histologic and pathologic features. BMC Cancer. 15 (1), 549 (2015).
- Bauman, T. M., et al. Finasteride treatment alters tissue specific androgen receptor expression in prostate tissues. Prostate. 74 (9), 923-932 (2014).
- Nicholson, T. M., Sehgal, P. D., Drew, S. A., Huang, W., Ricke, W. A. Sex steroid receptor expression and localization in benign prostatic hyperplasia varies with tissue compartment. Differentiation. 85 (4-5), 140-149 (2013).
- Taylor, C. R., Levenson, R. M. Quantification of immunohistochemistry–issues concerning methods, utility and semiquantitative assessment II. Histopathology. 49 (4), 411-424 (2006).
- Matos, L. L., Trufelli, D. C., de Matos, M. G., da Silva Pinhal, M. A. Immunohistochemistry as an important tool in biomarkers detection and clinical practice. Biomark Insights. 5, 9-20 (2010).
- Kononen, J., et al. Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med. 4 (7), 844-847 (1998).
- Ong, C. W., et al. Computer-assisted pathological immunohistochemistry scoring is more time-effective than conventional scoring, but provides no analytical advantage. Histopathology. 56 (4), 523-529 (2010).
