LC-MS Analysis of Human Platelets as a Platform for Studying Mitochondrial Metabolism

Summary

Here we show isolated human platelets can be used as an accessible ex vivo model to study metabolic adaptations in response to the complex I inhibitor rotenone. This approach employs isotopic tracing and relative quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and can be applied to a variety of study designs.

Abstract

Perturbed mitochondrial metabolism has received renewed interest as playing a causative role in a range of diseases. Probing alterations to metabolic pathways requires a model in which external factors can be well controlled, allowing for reproducible and meaningful results. Many studies employ transformed cellular models for these purposes; however, metabolic reprogramming that occurs in many cancer cell lines may introduce confounding variables. For this reason primary cells are desirable, though attaining adequate biomass for metabolic studies can be challenging. Here we show that human platelets can be utilized as a platform to carry out metabolic studies in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This approach is amenable to relative quantification and isotopic labeling to probe the activity of specific metabolic pathways. Availability of platelets from individual donors or from blood banks makes this model system applicable to clinical studies and feasible to scale up. Here we utilize isolated platelets to confirm previously identified compensatory metabolic shifts in response to the complex I inhibitor rotenone. More specifically, a decrease in glycolysis is accompanied by an increase in fatty acid oxidation to maintain acetyl-CoA levels. Our results show that platelets can be used as an easily accessible and medically relevant model to probe the effects of xenobiotics on cellular metabolism.

Introduction

Dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism has been implicated in a wide range of diseases including neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disease ³⁰. As such, great effort has been placed on characterizing metabolic defects that contribute to disease pathogenesis. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered the gold standard for quantification of analytes from complex biological matrices and is often employed for metabolic studies ⁸. However, as is often the case with biomedical studies, attaining an accessible and well-defined model relevant to human disease is a challenge.

Many studies employ transformed cellular models for probing the impact of xenobiotics or genetic abnormalities on cellular metabolism ^7,9. The metabolic reprogramming that occurs in cancer cells can introduce confounding factors ²¹ and are therefore not ideal. These issues can be circumvented with primary cell models, although obtaining sufficient biomass for metabolic analyses can be challenging. Furthermore, the impact of high amounts of antibiotics used in culture has been highlighted as potentially confounding mitochondrial studies ¹⁶.

Human platelets afford the opportunity to utilize a primary cell model with sufficient mitochondrial content for metabolic studies ^5,22,27,32. First, platelets can be easily acquired, through blood draws from individual donors, or in large volumes from blood banks, and therefore provide a model in which external factors can be readily controlled. Secondly, due to their small size, platelets can be easily isolated from other blood components with minimal preparatory work in even minimally equipped laboratories ⁵. Of note, platelets do not contain nuclei and can therefore be used to study alterations to metabolism independently of transcriptional regulation. Here we show that in addition to relative quantification of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters, the isolated platelet system can be used to examine carbon metabolism. Specifically, we report the use of metabolic labeling with stable isotope (non-radioactive) labeled [¹³C₆]-glucose and [¹³C₁₆]-palmitate to probe incorporation of the [¹³C]-label into the important metabolite acetyl-CoA via glycolysis or fatty acid oxidation. This provides a powerful, generalizable, and versatile platform due to the extensive involvement of acyl-CoA species in biochemical pathways ^13,24 and the tractability of this system to testing other variables, such as inhibition of complex I with rotenone ^3,33. In addition to information provided in the Protocol below, an extensive description of the methods used for isotope labeling and for the LC-MS-based analyses can be found in Basu and Blair ⁴.

Protocol

Ethics Statement: All protocols concerning the treatment of human samples follow the guidelines of The University of Pennsylvania's human research ethics committee.

1. Preparation of Buffers and 100x Stock Solutions

1. Prepare 1 L of base Tyrode's buffer. Combine 8.123 g NaCl, 1.428 g NaHCO_3, 0.466 g CaCl₂∙2 H₂O, 0.224 g KCl, and 0.095 g MgCl_2. Adjust total volume to 1 L with ddH₂O. Filter sterilize base Tyrode's buffer.
2. Prepare 100x stock solutions of glucose and palmitic acid. For 100x glucose stock solutions, dissolve 100 mg glucose or [¹³C₆]-glucose in 1 ml of ddH₂O. For 100x palmitate solutions, dissolve 2.56 mg of palmitic acid or 2.72 mg of [¹³C₁₆]-palmitic acid in 1 ml of ethanol. Filter sterilize 100x stock solutions.
3. Prepare Appropriate Enriched Tyrode's Buffers
   1. For non-labeling studies, add 1 ml of 100x glucose stock solution and 1 ml of 100x palmitic acid stock solution to 98 ml of base Tyrode's buffer.
   2. For glucose labeling studies, add 1 ml of 100x [¹³C₆]-glucose stock solution and 1 ml of 100x palmitic acid stock solution to 98 ml of base Tyrode's buffer.
   3. For palmitic acid labeling studies, add 1 ml of 100x glucose stock solution and 1 ml of [¹³C₁₆]-palmitic acid stock solution to 98 ml of base Tyrode's buffer.
4. Prepare Solutions for Rotenone Treatment
   1. Prepare a 10 mM stock solution of rotenone in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
   2. For non-labeling dose-response studies, proceed to 1.4.3. For labeling studies at a single dose, proceed to 1.4.5.
   3. Perform a serial dilution of the 10 mM rotenone stock in DMSO to obtain solutions with rotenone concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 100 µM. These are 100x stocks.
   4. Add 50 µl of each stock to 5 ml of base Tyrode's buffer + glucose + palmitic acid from 1.3.1 to prepare solutions with rotenone concentrations ranging from 10 pM to 1 µM. Alternatively, add 50 µl of DMSO to serve as a vehicle control. Proceed to 2.1.
   5. Dilute the 10 mM stock solution 1,000-fold in DMSO to obtain a 10 µM working solution.
   6. Add 50 µl of this stock to 5 ml each of base Tyrode's buffer + [¹³C₆]-glucose + palmitic acid from 1.3.2 and base Tyrode's buffer + glucose + [¹³C₁₆]-palmitic acid from 1.3.3. The final concentration is 100 nM rotenone. Alternatively, add 50 µl of DMSO to each buffer to serve as vehicle controls.

2. Platelet Isolation

Note: This method is amenable to platelets derived from either whole blood or from platelet bags. The example data contained herein was prepared using platelets derived from platelet bags. Please see Basu et al.⁵ for more details regarding using platelets isolated from whole blood.

1. Platelet Isolation from Whole Blood
   NOTE: If isolating platelets from a bag of platelets, proceed to 2.2.1.
   1. Centrifuge whole blood at 175 x g for 15 min with no brakes.
   2. Transfer 1 ml of the upper platelet-rich plasma (PRP) layer to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
   3. Centrifuge the PRP at 400 x g for 5 min.
   4. Aspirate supernatant and proceed to step 3.1 or 3.2.
2. Platelet Isolation from a Platelet Bag
   1. Transfer 1 ml of the platelet suspension to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
   2. Centrifuge the suspension at 400 x g for 5 min.
   3. Aspirate supernatant and proceed to step 3.1. or 3.2.

3. Performing an Experiment

1. To determine the effect of xenobiotic treatment (e.g., rotenone) on the levels of a metabolite of interest (e.g., acetyl-CoA), proceed to 3.1.1. To determine the effect of a xenobiotic (e.g., rotenone) on the incorporation of a metabolic precursor into a downstream metabolite of interest, proceed to 3.2.1.
   1. Using no fewer than three biological replicates for each condition, resuspend platelet pellet from step 2.1.4 or 2.2.3 in 1 ml of each solution from step 1.4.4.
   2. Incubate resuspended platelets in a water-jacketed CO₂ incubator set to 95% humidity, 5% CO₂ and 37 °C for 1 hr. Proceed to step 4.1
      Note: Here we describe a dose response experiment. Alternatively, a time course experiment could be done in which the dose was fixed and the length of incubation was varied instead.
2. To determine the effect of xenobiotic treatment on incorporation of a metabolic precursor into a downstream metabolite of interest.
   1. Using no fewer than three biological replicates for each condition, resuspend platelet pellet from step 2.1.4 or 2.2.3 in 1ml of each formulation of labeled Tyrode's buffer from step 1.4.6.
   2. Incubate resuspended platelets in a water-jacketed CO₂ incubator set to 95% humidity, 5% CO₂ and 37 °C for 1 hr. Proceed to step 4.1.

4. Quenching and CoA Extraction

1. Pellet platelets by centrifuging at 3,000 x g for 3 min.
2. Aspirate supernatant.
3. Resuspend platelets in 750 µl ice cold 10% trichloroacetic acid (w/v).
4. Add appropriate stable isotope-labeled internal standard. For example, if the goal is to compare the levels of CoA species across samples, use 100 µl of a mixture of stable-isotope labeled CoA thioesters obtained from yeast as described previously (SILEC technique) ²⁹.
5. Pulse-sonicate each sample 30 times with 0.5 sec pulses.
6. Centrifuge samples at 16,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
7. Affix C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns to vacuum manifold.
8. Condition the columns with 1 ml methanol.
9. Equilibrate the columns with 1 ml ddH₂O.
10. Run sample-derived supernatant (approximately 850 µl in this case) through the columns.
11. Wash the columns with 1 ml water.
12. Load 10 ml glass centrifuge tubes into the vacuum manifold to collect elution fraction.
13. Elute the columns with 1 ml of 25 mM ammonium acetate in methanol.
14. Dry eluate under nitrogen gas.
15. Resuspend dried residues in 50 µl 5% (w/v) 5-sulfosalicylic acid and transfer into HPLC vials.

5. HPLC Setup

1. Using the control software for the HPLC system, create a method with HPLC conditions optimized for the target analytes and utilized column, as listed in Table 1.
   Note: The column temperature used for the generation of this data was 25 °C but the specific parameters will vary by instrument and with respect to the compounds of interest. For acyl-CoA quantitation, multiple methods of LC-MS analysis have been reported, and validated for different analytes in different LC conditions ^14,19,20.
2. Allow the HPLC to Adequately Equilibrate.
   Note: This should include both priming of solvents before attaching a column and equilibration of the column at the starting solvent conditions for the method. The equilibration volume should follow the manufacturer's directions, and resulting effluent should be diverted to waste.
   Note: Consult Basu and Blair ⁵ for more details regarding the HPLC settings.

6. Mass Spectrometer Setup

1. Using the control software for the mass spectrometer, create a targeted method for detection of ionized forms of the compounds of interest. Parameters are presented in Table 2.
   Note: Stable isotope analogues of these compounds should be used to determine whether a positive or negative mode gives superior sensitivity and to optimize the source and optics condition for their detection. The total detection time of the mass spectrometer method should correspond to the time component of the associated HPLC method.
   Note: As previously mentioned, multiple methods of acyl-CoA analysis have been reported, including positive ¹⁴ and negative ionization ¹⁵ modes and use of a high resolution mass spectrometer ¹⁷ rather than a triple quadrupole instrument ²⁸.
2. Clean and calibrate the instrument, establish a stable spray into the spectrometer, and allow time for the calibration solution to adequately dissipate from the source and optics according to manufacturer's instructions.
3. Set up a sequence for all the samples with the mass spectrometer control software. Include the name or numerical identifiers and indicate the appropriate injection volume and instrument method. Run a blank before the first sample, and run other blanks and washes between samples as needed to mitigate carryover or matrix effects.
   Note: A processing method for peak integration of selected analytes' liquid chromatograms can often be set within this sequence or subsequently applied in data processing.
4. Begin the sequence and monitor the mass spectrometer and HPLC system periodically for problems including pressure fluctuations or system failures and loss of signal intensity during the run.
   Note: Severe problems or persistent run failures may require stopping the run and purging and re-equilibrating the HPLC system as well as cleaning and calibrating the mass spectrometer. Consult Basu and Blair ⁵ for more details regarding the MS settings and data processing.

Results

To demonstrate the utility of this methodology we have reproduced the generalizability of previously described compensatory metabolic adaptation resulting from exposure to rotenone. This finding was previously identified in cell culture models and this investigation was aimed to test if this metabolic shift also occurs in platelets, which are anuclear and not prone to the same experimental artifacts as cell culture. This work was performed with 6-day-old platelets from the Penn Trauma Cen...

Discussion

Here we have shown the utility of isolated platelets as a platform for studying perturbed mitochondrial metabolism. Specifically, we have characterized metabolic adaptation in response to complex I inhibition by rotenone.

The present study has extended previously reported findings on the role of complex I inhibition by rotenone in cell lines to human platelets. Importantly, this has revealed that rotenone also inhibited platelet succinyl-CoA formation, stimulated an increase in platelet β...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagent
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)	Sigma-Aldrich	746398
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)	Sigma-Aldrich	S5761
Calcium Chloride Dihydrate (CaCl2 * H2O)	Sigma-Aldrich	223506
Potassium Chloride (KCl)	Sigma-Aldrich	P9541
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)	Sigma-Aldrich	208337
Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	G8270
13C6-Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	389374
Palmitic acid	Cayman	10006627
13C16-Palmitic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich	605573
Rotenone	Sigma-Aldrich	R8875
Trichloro Acetic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich	T6399
5-Sulfosalicylic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich	390275
Acetonitirle	Fischer Scientific	A996-4	(optima)
Water (H2O)	Fischer Scientific	W7-4	(optima)
Formic acid	Fischer Scientific	85171	(optima)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide	Sigma-Aldrich	472301
Ethanol	Fischer Scientific	04-355-222
Methanol	Fischer Scientific	A454-4	(optima)
Ammonium Acetate	Fischer Scientific	A639-500
2 ml Eppendorf Tubes	BioExpress	C-3229-1
LC vials (plastic)	Waters	186002640
10 ml Glass Centrifuge Tubes	Kimble Chase	73785-10
Oasis Solid Phase Extraxtion (SPE) Columns	Waters	WAT094225
Pastuer Pipets	Fischer Scientific	13-678-200
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Equipment
CO2 Water-Jacketed Incubator	Nuaire	AutoFlow NU-8500
Triple Quadropole Mass Spectrometer	Thermo Scientific	Finnigan TSQ Quantum
HPLC	Thermo Scientific	Dionex Ultimate 3000
Source	Thermo Scientific	HESI II
HPLC Column	Phenomenex	Luna C18	3 μm particle size, 200 mm x 2 mm