Summary

在细胞间接触缺失的两个蜂窝型的插入共培养系统的开发

Published: July 17, 2016
doi:

Summary

In multicellular organisms, secreted soluble factors elicit responses from different cell types as a result of paracrine signaling. Insert co-culture systems offer a simple way to assess the changes mediated by secreted soluble factors in the absence of cell-cell contact.

Abstract

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt to make straightforward the very complex relationships between the several cellular subtypes that compose multicellular organisms, in vitro techniques have been developed to help researchers acquire a detailed understanding of single cell populations. One of these techniques uses inserts with a permeable membrane allowing secreted soluble factors to diffuse. Thus, a population of cells grown in inserts can be co-cultured in a well or dish containing a different cell type for evaluating cellular changes following paracrine signaling in the absence of cell-cell contact. Such insert co-culture systems offer various advantages over other co-culture techniques, namely bidirectional signaling, conserved cell polarity and population-specific detection of cellular changes. In addition to being utilized in the field of inflammation, cancer, angiogenesis and differentiation, these co-culture systems are of prime importance in the study of the intricate relationships that exist between the different cellular subtypes present in the central nervous system, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. This article offers general methodological guidelines in order to set up an experiment in order to evaluating cellular changes mediated by secreted soluble factors using an insert co-culture system. Moreover, a specific protocol to measure the neuroinflammatory effects of cytokines secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated N9 microglia on neuronal PC12 cells will be detailed, offering a concrete understanding of insert co-culture methodology.

Introduction

组织,器官或系统的体外研究是为了简化构成多细胞生物的几个细胞亚型之间存在的非常复杂的关系的一种尝试。实际上, 在体外研究使得能够获得单细胞群的一个详细的了解。有体外实验进行两个主要的优点:1)降低细胞相互作用,以及2)容易地操纵细胞环境的能力。因此,这两个优点已使科学家能够预测在体内的特定细胞类型的行为,导致以调节在整个生物体外在影响结果的能力。在这个意义上, 体外细胞培养往往可以作为连接基础和应用生命科学的桥梁。尽管如此,也有在体外工作的若干缺点,其中最重要的一种被某一个预留可以住在生理人观察到的表型的相关性。事实上,当一个单一细胞类型生长容器中,该培养失去,在不同程度,与其他类型的细胞,其以从组织和原籍有机体,和内锚体液环境贡献其细胞 – 细胞连接这使得它的组织坚持一个特定的三维结构有时细胞功能的关键。

细胞间关系的问题已被混合培养技术的发展解决。在该方法中,两个或更多个细胞群体在同一培养容器生长在一起。然而,这些混合文化具有重要的不便。一方面,一些细胞亚型物理上不与起源组织彼此互动,仅仅依靠通过分泌可溶性因子及受体附近持续旁分泌通信。这对于依赖于近端细胞因子信号若干炎症过程的情况。在混合Cultures,物理相互作用是不可避免的,使得不可能研究在不存在的细胞 – 细胞接触,可以产生改变的结果的旁分泌的通信。另一方面,从混合群体内实现细胞特异性的解释变得不使用苛刻的分离技术,可以显著影响的结果是不可行的。

为了解决这些重要问题,使用条件培养基的已发展为允许条块文化和旁分泌信号传导的研究的技术。这种方法需要一种细胞类型,因此命名条件培养基的上清液转移到含有细胞的另一群井。然而,一个重要的缺点是短命的分子不存活足够长的条件培养基被转移到细胞的第二群体的孔中。即使是长寿命的分子会大大摊薄随着时间的推移,由于扩散。此外,这两种细胞居民只能参加单向旁分泌通信,而不是主动的双向通信。这导致了不存在,因为它们在体内存在即在重新准确多关系的重要的反馈信令。

作为结果和由需要更好地模拟 体外细胞环境体内条件的原始驱动,在细胞培养技术若干进步已多年来实现。其中最显著进步已利用与微孔膜为compartmentalizing细胞培养物,用于第一时间由Grobstein可渗透支撑于1953年1,这种可渗透的载体已多年来定制,以适应众多细胞类型,也可以使用在几个不同的应用程序。如今,这些支撑存在,旨在从多孔组织培养板或断路器操作过井休息空心插入LAR菜肴。在共培养系统中,插入包含一种细胞类型,而孔或培养皿包含其他细胞群体,从而来研究它们的体液环境( 图1)的细胞的两个不同群体的贡献。其结果是,细胞极性(基底VS心尖分泌或信号接收)被保留,从而赋予插入共培养系统在混合培养物和条件培养基中的技术的一个重要优点。几种类型的膜材料都是可用的,最常见的是聚酯(PET),聚碳酸酯(PC)或胶原包被的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),以及它们在不同的孔尺寸为0.4微米至12.0微米的存在。这些品种的材料和孔径提供刀片施加相关的光学特性,膜厚度和细胞粘附,使它们在不同的水平以下实用可变特征的频谱用途不限于:
-studying细胞分化,胚胎发育,肿瘤的转移和通过渗透膜趋化性测定法创伤修复;
通过上皮或内皮单层评估其运输-evaluating药物渗透上可渗透支撑培养,;
-performing细胞共培养以分析由在不存在细胞 – 细胞接触的分泌的可溶性因子诱导的细胞行为调制。

本文的目的是描述一般方法准则以满足上述第三功能,即评估通过使用插入共培养体系中没有细胞 – 细胞接触的分泌的可溶性因子介导的细胞的变化。的研究几种不同的领域作出为了回答相关的分泌的可溶性因子对细胞群的影响的问题使用刀片共培养系统。的确,在各级调制细胞行为旁分泌信号是在所有的组织中的相关和系统,这使得插入物共培养系统不可或缺,以确保在这些领域的进步。相反,利用插入物可以确认的信号转导是由直接细胞 – 细胞接触,而不是由分泌的因子。一插入物的最重要的用途是在炎症研究2-14,其中分泌的细胞因子的作用在免疫的各种细胞的玩家进行评价。特别是,炎症在中枢神经系统(CNS)的研究已经大大从插入共培养研究中,这些都使更好地限定在驱动神经炎症15-21神经元和小胶质细胞的不同旁分泌作用中获益。这些系统也被设计来研究依赖于它们,以减少或抑制促炎因子22-26的分泌能力的分子的抗炎潜力。关于癌症27-31,特别机制底层的血管生成32-34和inflammati研究在肿瘤35-42,也插入共培养体系中受益。此外,可溶性因素的推动分化和一些研究使用刀片来回答在特定领域的问题43-50过程最重要的。在中枢神经系统,看到神经组织具有非常有限的更新能力,神经营养的研究和神经保护是根本,目前已广泛用在共同培养系统51-56利用干细胞的保证。此外,刀片也被用来作为不同领域的肾脏57,58,内皮细胞的相互作用和血管生成59-62,细胞凋亡信号63-65,炎症肥胖和代谢综合征22,23,66-67,内耳毛细胞有保护作用68,69,甚至致病真菌和70,71 72,73寄生虫。

本文以建立一个experim提供了常用方法指南耳鼻喉科鉴于评估通过插入共培养体系分泌的可溶性因子介导的细胞的变化。特别是,我们将我们的注意力集中于神经细胞共培养他们学神经炎过程中的用途。鉴于实验十分广阔频谱接入成为可能试点,令人难以忍受来弥补这一细胞培养技术的各个方面。作为一个例子,特定的协议以测量由脂多糖(LPS)分泌的细胞因子的作用活化的对神经元PC12细胞N9小胶质细胞将被详细描述的,提供插入物共培养方法的一个具体的了解。

Protocol

注意:下面的每个步骤应在无菌条件下在层流罩的要求用于哺乳动物细胞培养物中进行的。此外,为了获得最佳无菌细胞培养的一般准则适用, 例如 ,丢弃提示的任何时间,他们可能会导致交叉污染,减少了时间单元的数量进行时,整个媒体的变化,妥善而是轻轻搅拌所有人都暴露在空气中细胞悬浮液,以确保其均匀移液等。此外,插入件是一种塑料制品的需要特殊处理。首先,当插入?…

Representative Results

使用插入共培养系统,是在展示中枢神经系统的细胞不同玩家之间的关系,旁分泌神经炎症过程的研究尤为相关。免疫力在CNS被称为小胶质固有细胞监视它们在其静止支链状态( 图2A)的环境,并能够感测扰动主要完成可能麻烦必要进行适当的神经元功能76-78的非常宝贵的动态平衡。小胶质细胞活化,其特征在于采用一个变形虫形状( 图2B)</str…

Discussion

任何插入共培养体系实验的最关键的一步其实住在选择合适的插入使用。孔径和膜材料必须考虑到彻底帐户,没有忘记考虑将被接种的细胞的类型和实验的目的。例如,趋化性测定法可使用相同类型的膜的比细胞共培养以分析由在不存在细胞 – 细胞接触的分泌的可溶性因子诱导的细胞行为调制。然而,这两种类型的实验需要不同的孔径大小:较大的为前,允许细胞迁移,以及较小的为后者,以排?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Canada grant to MGM. JR is a NSERC-Vanier student fellow.

Materials

RPMI-1640 medium Sigma R8755 Warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham Sigma D6421 Warm in 37 °C water bath before use, must be supplemented with 0.365 gm/L L-glutamine
Horse serum ATCC 30-2040 Warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Fetal bovine serum MultiCell 80350 Warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Nerve Growth Factor-7S from murine submaxillary gland Sigma N0513 Reconstitute the lyophilized powder in a solution of buffered saline or tissue culture medium containing 0.1–1.0% bovine serum albumin or 1-10% serum
Trypsin-EDTA solution Sigma T3924 Warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 055:B5 Sigma L2880 Toxic
Cell culture inserts for use with 24-well plates BD Falcon 353095 0.4 μm pores
24-well plates TrueLine TR5002 Coat with collagen before use
Routine PC12 cell culture medium Routine N9 cell culture medium
-       85% RPMI medium -       90% DMEM-F12 medium
-       10% heat-inactivated horse serum -       10% heat-inactivated horse serum
-       5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
PC12 differentiation medium N9 treatment medium
-        99% RPMI medium -       99% DMEM-F12 medium
-        1% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum -       1% heat-inactivated horse serum
-        50 ng/mL nerve growth factor
PC12 treatment medium
-        99% RPMI medium
-        1% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum

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Renaud, J., Martinoli, M. Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact. J. Vis. Exp. (113), e54356, doi:10.3791/54356 (2016).

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