An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Summary

Here, we describe an in vitro murine model of the blood-brain barrier that makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, with a focus on the consequences on endothelial cell integrity and permeability upon interaction with activated T cells.

Abstract

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This process is characterized by the transmigration of activated T cells across brain endothelial cells (ECs), the main constituents of the BBB. However, the consequences on brain EC function upon interaction with such T cells are largely unknown. Here we describe an assay that allows for the evaluation of primary mouse brain microvascular EC (MBMEC) function and barrier integrity during the interaction with T cells over time. The assay makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, a powerful tool for studying EC monolayer integrity and permeability, by measuring changes in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell layer capacitance (Ccl). In direct contact with ECs, stimulated but not naïve T cells are capable of inducing EC monolayer dysfunction, as visualized by a decrease in TEER and an increase in Ccl. The assay records changes in EC monolayer integrity in a continuous and automated fashion. It is sensitive enough to distinguish between different strengths of stimuli and levels of T cell activation and it enables the investigation of the consequences of a targeted modulation of T cell-EC interaction using a wide range of substances such as antibodies, pharmacological reagents and cytokines. The technique can also be used as a quality control for EC integrity in in vitro T-cell transmigration assays. These applications make it a versatile tool for studying BBB properties under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Introduction

The blood-brain barrier separates the systemic circulation from the central nervous system (CNS)^1-3. It provides a physical barrier that inhibits the free movement of cells and the diffusion of water-soluble molecules and protects the brain from pathogens and potentially harmful substances. In addition to its barrier function, the BBB enables the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the brain parenchyma, which ensures proper functioning of the neuronal tissue. Functional properties of the BBB are highly regulated by its cellular and acellular components, with highly specialized ECs being its main structural element. ECs of the BBB are c....

Protocol

For all experiments, mice were bred and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions in the central animal facility at the University of Münster, according to German guidelines for animal care. All experiments were performed according to the guidelines of the animal experimental ethics committee and approved by the local authorities of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (LANUV, AZ 84-02.05.20.12.217).

1. MBMEC Isolation and Culture

NOTE: Isolate MBMECs as previously described in detail¹⁴ with the following modifications:

1. Sacrifice 20 adult C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) by CO₂ inhalation and confirm their death by ....

Results

Figure 1 provides a general overview of the in vitro BBB model used to study the interaction between T cells and endothelial cells. The experiment consists of three major steps. The first step is the isolation of primary MBMECs from brain cortices, and their culture for five days. When they reach confluence in the cell culture plate, MBMECs are trypsinized and reseeded onto permeable inserts, which are then placed in the TEER instrument. The TEER and Ccl of MBMEC.......

Discussion

Several steps of the described protocol are essential for a successful experiment. During the initial MBMEC isolation and culture, it is crucial that work is performed under sterile conditions as much as possible, to prevent the contamination of the cell culture with fungal spores or bacteria. In order to obtain a pure culture of ECs, it is recommended to use a medium containing Puromycin for the first three days, which enables survival of ECs, but not other cells types (especially pericytes)^41,42. Another cri.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
cellZscope	nanoAnalytics GmbH	www.nanoanalytics.com	including: 24-well Cell Module, Controller, PC with cellZscope software v2.2.2
Ultracentrifuge	Thermo Scientific	www.thermoscientific.com	SORVALL RC 6+; rotor F21S-8x50y; for MBMEC isolation
flow cytometer	Beckman Coulter	www.beckmancoulter.com	for analysis of T cell transmigration
FlowJo7.6.5 software	Tree Star	www.flowjo.com	for analysis of T cell transmigration
Oak Ridge centrifuge tubes, PC	Thermo Fisher Scientific	3118-0050	50 ml; for MBMEC isolation
Transwell membrane inserts - pore size 0.4 µm	Corning	3470	for TEER measurement as the main readout
Transwell membrane inserts - pore size 3 µm	Corning	3472	for TEER measurement as the quality control prior to T-cell transmigration assay
24-well cell culture plate	Greiner	650 180	flat-bottom; for MBMEC culture
96-well cell culture plate	Costar	3526	round-bottom; for immune cell culture
QuadroMACS Separator	Miltenyi Biotec	130-090-976	for T cell and B cell isolation; supports MACS LS columns
OctoMACS Separator	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-109	for dendritic cell isolation; supports MACS MS columns
Neubauer counting chamber	Marienfeld	MF-0640010	for cell counting
Cell strainer, 70 µm	Corning	352350	for immune cell isolation
Cell strainer, 40 µm	Corning	352340	for immune cell isolation
MACS MultiStand	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-303	for immune cell isolation
MACS LS separation columns	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-401	for T cell and B cell isolation
MACS MS separation columns	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-201	for dendritic cell isolation
Mouse CD4 MicroBeads	Miltenyi Biotec	130-049-201	for CD4+ T cell isolation
Mouse CD19 MicroBeads	Miltenyi Biotec	130-052-201	for B cell isolation
Mouse CD11c MicroBeads	Miltenyi Biotec	130-052-001	for dendritic cell isolation
Collagen type IV from human placenta	Sigma	C5533	for MBMEC coating solution
Fibronectin from bovine plasma	Sigma	F1141-5MG	for MBMEC coating solution
Collagenase 2 (CSL2)	Worthington	LS004176	for MBMEC isolation
Collagenase/Dispase (C/D)	Roche	11097113001	for MBMEC isolation
DNase I	Sigma	DN25	for MBMEC isolation
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	Sigma	F7524	for MBMEC isolation
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Amresco	0332-100G	for MBMEC isolation
Percoll	Sigma	P1644-1L	for MBMEC isolation
DMEM (+ GlutaMAX)	Gibco	31966-021	for MBMEC isolation and MBMEC culture medium
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Sigma	P4333	for MBMEC isolation and MBMEC culture medium
Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)	Sigma	D8537	for MBMEC and immune cell isolation
Heparin	Sigma	H3393	for MBMEC culture medium
Human Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)	PeproTech	100-18B	for MBMEC culture medium
Puromycin	Sigma	P8833	for MBMEC culture medium; only for the first three days
0.05% Trypsin-EDTA	Gibco	25300-054	for harvesting MBMECs
Collagenase Type IA	Sigma	C9891	for dendritic cell isolation
Trypan Blue solution, 0.4%	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15250061	for cell counting
EDTA	Sigma	E5134	for immune cell isolation
IMDM + 1% L-Glutamin	Gibco	21980-032	for T cell culture medium
X-VIVO 15	Lonza	BE04-418Q	protect from light; for B cell culture medium
β-mercaptoethanol	Gibco	31350-010	for B cell culture medium
L-Glutamine (100x Glutamax)	Gibco	35050-061	for B cell culture medium
mouse MOG35—55 peptide	Biotrend	BP0328	for antigen-specific T cell activation
purified anti-mouse CD3 Ab	BioLegend	100302	clone 145-2C11; for polyclonal T cell activation
purified NA/LE anti-mouse CD28 Ab	BD Pharmingen	553294	clone 37.51; for polyclonal T cell activation
Recombinant Murine IFN-γ	PeproTech	315-05	for T-cell transmigration assays
Recombinant Murine TNF-α	PeproTech	315-01A	for T-cell transmigration assays
NA/LE purified anti-mouse IFN-γ antibody	BD Biosciences	554408	clone XMG1.2; recommended final concentration: 20 µg/ml
Granzyme B Inhibitor II	Calbiochem	368055	recommended final concentration: 10 µM
PE anti-mouse CD4 antibody	Biolegend	116005	clone RM4-4; for analysis of T cell transmigration