Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

Summary

Here we present a protocol to image calcium signaling in populations of individual cell types at the murine neuromuscular junction.

Abstract

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of individual cells. Since an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) in the cytosol often occurs because of the electrical activity, or in response to a myriad of other stimuli, this process can be monitored by the imaging of cells loaded with fluorescent calcium-sensitive dyes.  However, it is difficult to image this response in an individual cell type within whole tissue because these dyes are taken up by all cell types within the tissue. In contrast, genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be expressed by an individual cell type and fluoresce in response to an increase of intracellular Ca²⁺, thus permitting the imaging of Ca²⁺ signaling in entire populations of individual cell types. Here, we apply the use of the GECIs GCaMP3/6 to the mouse neuromuscular junction, a tripartite synapse between motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in classic ex vivo tissue preparations. Using an optical splitter, we perform dual-wavelength imaging of dynamic Ca²⁺ signals and a static label of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in an approach that could be easily adapted to monitor two cell-specific GECI or genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVI) simultaneously. Finally, we discuss the routines used to capture spatial maps of fluorescence intensity. Together, these optical, transgenic, and analytic techniques can be employed to study the biological activity of distinct cell subpopulations at the NMJ in a wide variety of contexts.

Introduction

The NMJ, like all synapses, is composed of three elements: a presynaptic terminal derived from a neuron, a postsynaptic neuron/effector cell, and a perisynaptic glial cell^1,2. While the basic aspects of synaptic transmission were first demonstrated at this synapse³, many aspects of this process remain unknown, in part owing to the expression of the same molecules by the distinct cellular elements of this synapse. For example, receptors for both the purine adenine nucleotide ATP and acetylcholine (ACh), which are co-released by motor neurons at the vertebrate NMJ, are expressed by muscle....

Protocol

Animal husbandry and experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the IACUC at the University of Nevada.

1. Preparation of the Diaphragms and Phrenic Nerves from Transgenic Mice

1. Purchase transgenic mice and oligonucleotide primers to genotype these mice.
   Note: The primers are listed on the “Information” page for each of these mice.
   1. Breed a 3- to 6-month-old mouse expressing one copy of the appropriate transgenic/knock-in Cre-driver allele and zero copies of the conditional GCaMP3/6 allele with a second ....

Results

Several examples of fluorescence intensity changes, mediated by increases of intracellular Ca²⁺ within defined cell types of the NMJ, show the utility of this approach. These results are presented as spatial fluorescence intensity maps, which provide the location of responding cells, as well as the intensity of their responses, thus allowing for the evaluation of how many cells respond and how much each cell responds to a particular stimulus. For example, as shown in

Discussion

Here we provide some examples of measuring Ca²⁺ responses in specific cells in intact neuromuscular tissue using GECI-expressing mice. In order to successfully perform these experiments, it is imperative not to injure the phrenic nerve during the dissection. To image Ca²⁺ responses in Schwann cells at either low or high power (i.e., 20X or 60X), it is necessary to use either BHC or µ-conotoxin to block movement. For low-power imaging of Ca²⁺ responses in muscle cells, it is .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Myf5-Cre mice	Jax	#007893	Drives muscle cell expression as early as E136
Wnt1-Cre mice	Jax	#003829	Drives expression into all  Schwann cells at E13 but not P209
Sox10-Cre mice	Jax	#025807	Drives Schwann cell expression at older ages
Conditional GCaMP3 mice	Jax	#029043	Expresses GCaMP3 in cell-specific fashion
Conditional GCaMP6f mice	Jax	#024105	Expresses GCaMP6f in cell-specific fashion
BHC (3-(N-butylethanimidoyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one)	Hit2Lead	#5102862	Blocks skeletal muscle myosin but not neurotransmission6
CF594-α-BTX	Biotium	#00007	Labels acetylcholine receptor clusters at NMJ
µ-conotoxin GIIIb	Peptides Int'l	#CONO20-01000	Blocks Nav1.4 voltage-dependent sodium channel8
Silicone Dielectric Gel; aka Sylgard	Ellswoth Adhesives	# Sil Dielec Gel .9KG	Allows for the immobilization of the diaphragm by minutien pins
Minutien pins (0.1mm diameter)	Fine Science Tools	26002-10	Immobilizes diaphragm onto silicone dielectric gel
Eclipse FN1 upright microscope	Nikon	MBA74100	Allows staging and observation of specimen
Basic Fixed Microscope Platform with Manual XY Microscope Translator	Autom8	MXMScr	Allows movement of specimen
Manual micromanipulator	Narishige	M-152	Holds recording and stimulating electrodes
Microelectrode amplifier	Molecular Devices	Axoclamp 900A	Allows sharp electrode intracellular electrophysiological recording
Microelectrode low-noise data acquisition system	Molecular Devices	Digidata 1550	Allows electrophysiological data acquisition
Microelectrode data analysis system	Molecular Devices	PCLAMP 10 Standard	Performs electrophysiological data analysis
Square wave stimulator	Grass	S48	Stimulates nerve to excite muscle
Stimulus Isolation Unit	Grass	PSIU6	Reduces  stimulation artifacts
Borosilicate filaments, 1.0 mm outer diameter, 0.5mm internal diameter	Sutter	FG-GBF100-50-15	Impales and records nerve-evoked muscle potentials
Borosilicate filaments, 1.5 mm outer diameter, 1.17mm internal diameter	Sutter	BF150-117-15	Lengthened and used for suction electrode
Micropipette Puller	Sutter	P-97	Pulls and prepares recording electrodes
1200x1200 pixel, back-illuminated cMOS camera	Photometrics	Prime 95b	Sensitive camera that allows high-resolution, high-speed imaging
Light Source	Lumencor	Spectra X	Provides illumination from LEDs for fluorescence obsevation
Infinity-corrected fluorescent water immersion objectives, W.D. 2mm	Nikon	CFI60	Provide long working distances for visualization of specimen
Fiber Optic Illuminator with Halogen lamp	Sumita	LS-DWL-N	Provides illumination for brightfield observation
W-View Gemini Image Splitter	Hamamatsu	A12801-01	Projects 1 pair of dual wavelength images separated by a dichroic to single camera
Single-band Bandpass Filters  (512/25-25 and 630/92-25)	SemRock	FF01-512/25-25; FF01-630/92-25	Permits dual band imaging
560 nm Single-Edge Dichroic Beamsplitter	Sem Rock	FF560-FDi01-25x36	Dichroic mirror which separates beams of light to allow dual-wavelength imaging
Imaging data acquisition system	Nikon	NIS Elements - MQS31000	Allows imaging data acquisition
Wavelength control module	Nikon	MQS41220	Module for imaging data acqusiition
Emission splitter hardware module	Nikon	MQS41410	Module for imaging data acqusiition
Imaging data analysis system	NA	Volumetry 8D5, Fiji	Allows analysis of fluorescence intensity and other imaging data