Preparation of Human Tissues Embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Summary

Sphingolipids are bioactive metabolites with well-established roles in human disease. Characterizing alterations in tissues with mass-spectrometry can reveal roles in disease etiology or identify therapeutic targets. However, the OCT-compound used for cryopreservation in biorepositories interferes with mass-spectrometry. We outline methods to analyze sphingolipids in human tissues embedded in OCT with LC-ESI-MS/MS.

Abstract

Sphingolipids are cellular components that have well-established roles in human metabolism and disease. Mass spectrometry can be used to determine whether sphingolipids are altered in a disease and investigate whether sphingolipids can be targeted clinically. However, properly powered prospective studies that acquire tissues directly from the surgical suite can be time consuming, and technically, logistically, and administratively challenging. In contrast, retrospective studies can take advantage of cryopreserved human specimens already available, usually in large numbers, at tissue biorepositories. Other advantages of procuring tissues from biorepositories include access to information associated with the tissue specimens including histology, pathology, and in some instances clinicopathological variables, all of which can be used to examine correlations with lipidomics data. However, technical limitations related to the incompatibility of optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT) used in the cryopreservation and mass spectrometry is a technical barrier for the analysis of lipids. However, we have previously shown that OCT can be easily removed from human biorepository specimens through cycles of washes and centrifugation without altering their sphingolipid content. We have also previously established that sphingolipids in human tissues cryopreserved in OCT are stable for up to 16 years. In this report, we outline the steps and workflow to analyze sphingolipids in human tissue specimens that are embedded in OCT, including washing tissues, weighing tissues for data normalization, the extraction of lipids, preparation of samples for analysis by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), mass spectrometry data integration, data normalization, and data analysis.

Introduction

Sphingolipids are bioactive metabolites known for their roles in human metabolism and disease^1,2. They regulate complex cellular processes such as cell migration, cell survival and death, cell movement, vesicular trafficking, cellular invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and the production of cytokines^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,}

Protocol

De-identified human lung tissues were obtained from the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Tissue and Data Acquisition and Analysis Core under an internal review board (IRB) approved protocol (#HM2471). The use of mice for research and harvesting of mice tissues was approved by the VCU institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC).

1. Preparation of materials

NOTE: These steps should be performed a day prior to the tissue washing.

1. Pre-label and weigh 1.5 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes with concise but clear identifier codes for each sample that will be processed the next day. Use a chemic....

Results

In this protocol, we describe in detail a method to remove OCT from cryo-preserved human tissues and weigh the tissues for analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The materials required for this procedure are listed in Table of Materials. Shown in Figure 1 are results of a typical experiment where 10 human lung adenocarcinoma tumors and 10 normal adjacent tissues were washed to remove OCT and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Importantly, as we have previously shown¹¹, the.......

Discussion

OCT is a common long-term cryo-preservation agent used in biorepositories. However, OCT can result in ion suppression when tissues are analyzed by various mass spectrometry platforms^12,13,14,15, or result in loss of signal when samples are analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS¹¹. OCT in cryopreserved tissues can also interfere with tissue normalization methods such as weighing and pr.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL polypropylene pipette tips	NA	NA	Used to retrieve specimens
1.5 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes	NA	NA
10 mL Erlenmeyer flask	VWR	89091-116	Used for tube and tissue weighing
AB Sciex Analyst 1.6.2	Sciex	NA	Software to analyze and integrate MS data
Ammonium formate	Fisher Scientific	A11550	For LC mobile phases
Analytical scale	NA	NA	Scale that is accurate to 0.1 mg
Bottle top dispenser	Sartorius	LH-723071	Used for dispensing solvents
C12-Ceramide (d18:1/C12:0); N-(dodecanoyl)-sphing-4-enine	Avanti Polar Lipids	LM2212	Internal standard
C12-glucosylceramide (d18:1/12:0); N-(dodecanoyl)-1-β-glucosyl-sphing-4-eine	Avanti Polar Lipids	LM2511	Internal standard
C12-lactosylceramide (d18:1/12:0); N-(dodecanoyl)-1-ß-lactosyl-sphing-4-ene	Avanti Polar Lipids	LM2512	Internal standard
C12-Sphingomyelin  (d18:1/C12:0), N-(dodecanoyl)-sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine	Avanti Polar Lipids	LM2312	Internal standard
CHLOROFORM OMNISOLV 4L	VWR	EM-CX1054-1
ClickSeal Biocontainment Lids	Thermo Scientific	75007309	To prevent biohazard aeresols during centrifugation
Conflikt	Decon Labs	4101	Decontaminant
CTO-20A/20AC Column Oven	Shimadzu	NA	For LC
d17:1-Sphingosine;  (2S,3R,4E)-2-aminoheptadec-4-ene-1,3-diol	Avanti Polar Lipids	LM2000	Internal standard
d17:1-Sphingosine-1-phosphate; heptadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphate	Avanti Polar Lipids	LM2144	Internal standard
DGU20A5R degasser	Shimadzu	NA
Disposable Culture Tubes 13x100mm	VWR	53283-800	13x100 mm screw top tubes
Heated water bath	NA	NA	For overnight lipid extraction
Homogenizer 150	Fisher Scientific	15-340-167	triturate tissues
Homogenizer Plastic Disposable Generator Probe	Fisher Scientific	15-340-177	for homogenization
Kimwipes	Kimtech	34120	Laboratory grade tissue used to make wicks
Methanol LC-MS Grade 4L	VWR	EM-MX0486-1
Nexera LC-30 AD binary pump system	Shimadzu	NA	For LC-MS
Permanent marker	VWR	52877-310
Phenolic Screw Thread Closure, Kimble Chase (caps for disposable culture tubes)	VWR	89001-502	13x100 mm screw top tube caps
Phosphate bufffered saline	Thermo Scientific	10010023	To retrieve specimens from tubes after washing
Repeater pipette	Eppendorf	4987000118	To dispense LC-MS internal standards
Screw Caps, Blue, Red PTFE/White Silicone	VWR	89239-020	Autoinjector vial caps
Screw Thread Glass Vials with ID Patch	VWR	46610-724	Autoinjector vials
SIL-30AC autoinjector	Shimadzu	NA
SpeedVac	Thermo Scientific	SPD2030P1220	For drying solvents
Supelco 2.1 (i.d.) x 50 mm Ascentis Express C18 column	Sigma Aldrich	581300-U	For LC-MS
Triple Quad 5500+ LC-MS/MS System	Sciex	NA	For LC-ESI-MS/MS
Ultrasonic water bath	Branson	Model 2800	for homogenization and resuspension of extracted and dried lipids
Vortexer	NA	NA	For sOCTrP and resuspending dried lipids
VWR Culture Tubes Disposable Borosilicate Glass	VWR	47729572	13x100 glass culture tubes
Water Hipersolve Chromanorm LC-MS	VWR	BDH83645.400