Cell-surface Biotinylation Assay
Labeling of cell surface proteins with biotin presents a powerful tool to study cellular transport pathways involved in regulating membrane proteins. A cell maintains a tightly regulated set of proteins at the surface, so that it can receive and respond to extracellular information via several signaling pathways. Endocytosis, a process of engulfing, is suggested to be involved in regulation of these cell surface proteins by causing their internalization. Therefore, labeling these proteins before they are endocytosed with agents like biotin helps scientists quantify their internalization and study their roles in cellular pathways.
In this video, we will discuss the principles and methodology of cell-surface biotinylation assays, and explore some ways in which scientists are adapting this method today.
Let’s first review the principles behind the cell-surface biotinylation assay.
As mentioned earlier, cells use endocytic pathways to regulate the spatiotemporal density and distribution of surface proteins. Internalized proteins are transported through specific cellular pathways, following which they can be either shunted to the lysosome for degradation, or recycled back to the cell surface for continued activity. Cell-surface biotinylation is designed to measure these processes.
The tag used in this assay, biotin—also known as vitamin H—is a small, water-soluble molecule. A commonly used derivative of biotin for surface labeling experiments is the sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin, which consists of the sulfo group, the N-hydroxy succinimide ester group, the disulfide bond, and of course biotin. Let’s simplify this huge structure by replacing biotin with the letter “B.”
The sulfo group in this structure imparts a strong charge that makes this form of biotin membrane impermeant. Labeling of cell surface proteins is done by adding sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin to cells maintained at a temperature that’s restrictive to endocytosis. The NHS group reacts with the primary amines on surface proteins, forming covalent bonds.
Then, the labeled cells are moved to a temperature that is permissive to endocytosis, during which some of the labeled proteins will be internalized. Finally, cells are moved back to the restrictive temperature to stop endocytosis. In order to specifically quantify internalized proteins, a hydrophilic, membrane-impermeant reducing agent—like L-glutathione—is added. This will react with the disulfide bonds on unendocytosed sulfo-NHS-SS biotin, and cleave biotin groups off. At this point, remaining biotinylated proteins are those whose labels were protected from the reducing agent because they were previously internalized.
Cells are then lysed, and the endocytosed biotinylated proteins are isolated to be quantified. Isolation is usually performed by adding cell lysates to synthetic beads coated with streptavidin. Since streptavidin has an extremely high affinity for biotin, the biotinylated proteins attach themselves to the coated beads. A series of washing steps to remove contaminating proteins, and lastly an elution step, is performed to release bound proteins. The target proteins can then be analyzed by techniques like Western blotting.
Since now you know the concepts behind the biotinylation assay, let’s look at a generalized protocol showing how to perform this procedure to measure endocytosis of surface proteins.
Start with cultured cells cooled to 4°C. Place them on ice to maintain the temperature that is restrictive to endocytosis. Next, the membrane impermeable sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin reagent is added, and cells are incubated in the dark for approximately 30 minutes. This allows sufficient time for biotin labels to covalently attach to the surface proteins. Cells are then removed from ice and incubated at 37°C for approximately 30 minutes. At this temperature, biotinylated surface proteins are endocytosed. Following incubation, the cells are cooled to 4°C, and a hydrophilic reducing agent like L-glutathione is added. This reacts with disulfide bonds and releases the biotin groups from labeled, unendocytosed proteins.
Next, cells are lysed by centrifugation, thus breaking cell membranes and exposing biotinylated proteins. Following this, lysates are added to streptavidin-coated beads and biotinylated proteins are allowed to bind. Beads are washed with cold phosphate buffered saline and eluted with a buffer containing detergents and reducing agents. These reagents denature bound proteins off beads and enable their recovery in the eluate. Proteins in the eluate are separated on the basis of their molecular mass by gel electrophoresis. Lastly, Western blotting and probing of the blot with protein-specific antibodies allow visualization of the target protein. Percentage endocytosed protein can be quantified from the resulting band densities.
Now that you understand the methodology of cell biotinylation, let’s look at how it’s used in specific experiments.
The most common application of this biotinylation protocol is to measure the endocytic rate of specific cell surface proteins. Here, scientists were interested in evaluating the internalization of dopamine transporter or DAT. By following the standard protocol, scientists were able to measure the percentage of endocytosed DATs. This is a representative immunoblot showing lane T, corresponding to “total” amount of protein before internalization, lane S is for “stripped” samples where cells were never allowed to proceed through endocytosis but treated with reducing agent, and lane I represents results of “internalized” proteins.
In addition to just measuring endocytosis of surface proteins, scientists also examine the effects of drugs on this process. In this study, researchers assessed the surface density of DATs in response to treatment with an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), whose action has been suggested to induce DAT internalization. Scientists confirmed this by adapting the in vitro biotinylation protocol for use in an ex vivo assay on mouse brain tissue. The data revealed an approximately 30% loss of DAT from the cell membrane, in response to PKC activation.
Lastly, by tweaking the biotinylation assay, scientists can also measure recycling of membrane proteins. Here, researchers were investigating the surface channel protein, CFTR, responsible for conducting chloride ions. To assess recycling, researchers performed a standard biotinylation protocol in one group of cells, and modified the protocol for the second group of cells by adding steps after cleaving biotin off of the unendocytosed surface proteins. These additional steps included raising the temperature back to 37°C to allow recycling of some of the internalized, biotin tagged receptor proteins. By calculating the difference between the internalized proteins before and after recycling takes place, these scientists were able to quantify percent CFTR recycled back to the membrane.
You just watched JoVE’s introduction to cell-surface biotinylation assay. The video described the procedural steps of this assay, and explained the reaction occurring at each step. Lastly, we explored some example experiments that demonstrated the applicability of this method. As always, thanks for watching!
A cell can regulate the amount of particular proteins on its cell membrane through endocytosis, following which cell surface proteins are effectively…
Labeling of cell surface proteins with biotin presents a powerful tool to study cellular transport pathways involved in regulating membrane proteins. A cell maintains a tightly regulated set of proteins at the surface, so that it can receive and respond to extracellular information via several signaling pathways. Endocytosis, a process of engulfing, is suggested to be involved in regulation of these cell surface proteins by causing their internalization. Therefore, labeling these proteins before they are endocytosed with agents like biotin helps scientists quantify their internalization and study their roles in cellular pathways.
In this video, we will discuss the principles and methodology of cell-surface biotinylation assays, and explore some ways in which scientists are adapting this method today.
Let’s first review the principles behind the cell-surface biotinylation assay.
As mentioned earlier, cells use endocytic pathways to regulate the spatiotemporal density and distribution of surface proteins. Internalized proteins are transported through specific cellular pathways, following which they can be either shunted to the lysosome for degradation, or recycled back to the cell surface for continued activity. Cell-surface biotinylation is designed to measure these processes.
The tag used in this assay, biotin—also known as vitamin H—is a small, water-soluble molecule. A commonly used derivative of biotin for surface labeling experiments is the sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin, which consists of the sulfo group, the N-hydroxy succinimide ester group, the disulfide bond, and of course biotin. Let’s simplify this huge structure by replacing biotin with the letter “B.”
The sulfo group in this structure imparts a strong charge that makes this form of biotin membrane impermeant. Labeling of cell surface proteins is done by adding sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin to cells maintained at a temperature that’s restrictive to endocytosis. The NHS group reacts with the primary amines on surface proteins, forming covalent bonds.
Then, the labeled cells are moved to a temperature that is permissive to endocytosis, during which some of the labeled proteins will be internalized. Finally, cells are moved back to the restrictive temperature to stop endocytosis. In order to specifically quantify internalized proteins, a hydrophilic, membrane-impermeant reducing agent—like L-glutathione—is added. This will react with the disulfide bonds on unendocytosed sulfo-NHS-SS biotin, and cleave biotin groups off. At this point, remaining biotinylated proteins are those whose labels were protected from the reducing agent because they were previously internalized.
Cells are then lysed, and the endocytosed biotinylated proteins are isolated to be quantified. Isolation is usually performed by adding cell lysates to synthetic beads coated with streptavidin. Since streptavidin has an extremely high affinity for biotin, the biotinylated proteins attach themselves to the coated beads. A series of washing steps to remove contaminating proteins, and lastly an elution step, is performed to release bound proteins. The target proteins can then be analyzed by techniques like Western blotting.
Since now you know the concepts behind the biotinylation assay, let’s look at a generalized protocol showing how to perform this procedure to measure endocytosis of surface proteins.
Start with cultured cells cooled to 4°C. Place them on ice to maintain the temperature that is restrictive to endocytosis. Next, the membrane impermeable sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin reagent is added, and cells are incubated in the dark for approximately 30 minutes. This allows sufficient time for biotin labels to covalently attach to the surface proteins. Cells are then removed from ice and incubated at 37°C for approximately 30 minutes. At this temperature, biotinylated surface proteins are endocytosed. Following incubation, the cells are cooled to 4°C, and a hydrophilic reducing agent like L-glutathione is added. This reacts with disulfide bonds and releases the biotin groups from labeled, unendocytosed proteins.
Next, cells are lysed by centrifugation, thus breaking cell membranes and exposing biotinylated proteins. Following this, lysates are added to streptavidin-coated beads and biotinylated proteins are allowed to bind. Beads are washed with cold phosphate buffered saline and eluted with a buffer containing detergents and reducing agents. These reagents denature bound proteins off beads and enable their recovery in the eluate. Proteins in the eluate are separated on the basis of their molecular mass by gel electrophoresis. Lastly, Western blotting and probing of the blot with protein-specific antibodies allow visualization of the target protein. Percentage endocytosed protein can be quantified from the resulting band densities.
Now that you understand the methodology of cell biotinylation, let’s look at how it’s used in specific experiments.
The most common application of this biotinylation protocol is to measure the endocytic rate of specific cell surface proteins. Here, scientists were interested in evaluating the internalization of dopamine transporter or DAT. By following the standard protocol, scientists were able to measure the percentage of endocytosed DATs. This is a representative immunoblot showing lane T, corresponding to “total” amount of protein before internalization, lane S is for “stripped” samples where cells were never allowed to proceed through endocytosis but treated with reducing agent, and lane I represents results of “internalized” proteins.
In addition to just measuring endocytosis of surface proteins, scientists also examine the effects of drugs on this process. In this study, researchers assessed the surface density of DATs in response to treatment with an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), whose action has been suggested to induce DAT internalization. Scientists confirmed this by adapting the in vitro biotinylation protocol for use in an ex vivo assay on mouse brain tissue. The data revealed an approximately 30% loss of DAT from the cell membrane, in response to PKC activation.
Lastly, by tweaking the biotinylation assay, scientists can also measure recycling of membrane proteins. Here, researchers were investigating the surface channel protein, CFTR, responsible for conducting chloride ions. To assess recycling, researchers performed a standard biotinylation protocol in one group of cells, and modified the protocol for the second group of cells by adding steps after cleaving biotin off of the unendocytosed surface proteins. These additional steps included raising the temperature back to 37°C to allow recycling of some of the internalized, biotin tagged receptor proteins. By calculating the difference between the internalized proteins before and after recycling takes place, these scientists were able to quantify percent CFTR recycled back to the membrane.
You just watched JoVE’s introduction to cell-surface biotinylation assay. The video described the procedural steps of this assay, and explained the reaction occurring at each step. Lastly, we explored some example experiments that demonstrated the applicability of this method. As always, thanks for watching!
Labeling of cell surface proteins with biotin presents a powerful tool to study cellular transport pathways involved in regulating membrane proteins. A cell maintains a tightly regulated set of proteins at the surface, so that it can receive and respond to extracellular information via several signaling pathways. Endocytosis, a process of engulfing, is suggested to be involved in regulation of these cell surface proteins by causing their internalization. Therefore, labeling these proteins before they are endocytosed with agents like biotin helps scientists quantify their internalization and study their roles in cellular pathways.
In this video, we will discuss the principles and methodology of cell-surface biotinylation assays, and explore some ways in which scientists are adapting this method today.
Let’s first review the principles behind the cell-surface biotinylation assay.
As mentioned earlier, cells use endocytic pathways to regulate the spatiotemporal density and distribution of surface proteins. Internalized proteins are transported through specific cellular pathways, following which they can be either shunted to the lysosome for degradation, or recycled back to the cell surface for continued activity. Cell-surface biotinylation is designed to measure these processes.
The tag used in this assay, biotin—also known as vitamin H—is a small, water-soluble molecule. A commonly used derivative of biotin for surface labeling experiments is the sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin, which consists of the sulfo group, the N-hydroxy succinimide ester group, the disulfide bond, and of course biotin. Let’s simplify this huge structure by replacing biotin with the letter “B.”
The sulfo group in this structure imparts a strong charge that makes this form of biotin membrane impermeant. Labeling of cell surface proteins is done by adding sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin to cells maintained at a temperature that’s restrictive to endocytosis. The NHS group reacts with the primary amines on surface proteins, forming covalent bonds.
Then, the labeled cells are moved to a temperature that is permissive to endocytosis, during which some of the labeled proteins will be internalized. Finally, cells are moved back to the restrictive temperature to stop endocytosis. In order to specifically quantify internalized proteins, a hydrophilic, membrane-impermeant reducing agent—like L-glutathione—is added. This will react with the disulfide bonds on unendocytosed sulfo-NHS-SS biotin, and cleave biotin groups off. At this point, remaining biotinylated proteins are those whose labels were protected from the reducing agent because they were previously internalized.
Cells are then lysed, and the endocytosed biotinylated proteins are isolated to be quantified. Isolation is usually performed by adding cell lysates to synthetic beads coated with streptavidin. Since streptavidin has an extremely high affinity for biotin, the biotinylated proteins attach themselves to the coated beads. A series of washing steps to remove contaminating proteins, and lastly an elution step, is performed to release bound proteins. The target proteins can then be analyzed by techniques like Western blotting.
Since now you know the concepts behind the biotinylation assay, let’s look at a generalized protocol showing how to perform this procedure to measure endocytosis of surface proteins.
Start with cultured cells cooled to 4°C. Place them on ice to maintain the temperature that is restrictive to endocytosis. Next, the membrane impermeable sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin reagent is added, and cells are incubated in the dark for approximately 30 minutes. This allows sufficient time for biotin labels to covalently attach to the surface proteins. Cells are then removed from ice and incubated at 37°C for approximately 30 minutes. At this temperature, biotinylated surface proteins are endocytosed. Following incubation, the cells are cooled to 4°C, and a hydrophilic reducing agent like L-glutathione is added. This reacts with disulfide bonds and releases the biotin groups from labeled, unendocytosed proteins.
Next, cells are lysed by centrifugation, thus breaking cell membranes and exposing biotinylated proteins. Following this, lysates are added to streptavidin-coated beads and biotinylated proteins are allowed to bind. Beads are washed with cold phosphate buffered saline and eluted with a buffer containing detergents and reducing agents. These reagents denature bound proteins off beads and enable their recovery in the eluate. Proteins in the eluate are separated on the basis of their molecular mass by gel electrophoresis. Lastly, Western blotting and probing of the blot with protein-specific antibodies allow visualization of the target protein. Percentage endocytosed protein can be quantified from the resulting band densities.
Now that you understand the methodology of cell biotinylation, let’s look at how it’s used in specific experiments.
The most common application of this biotinylation protocol is to measure the endocytic rate of specific cell surface proteins. Here, scientists were interested in evaluating the internalization of dopamine transporter or DAT. By following the standard protocol, scientists were able to measure the percentage of endocytosed DATs. This is a representative immunoblot showing lane T, corresponding to “total” amount of protein before internalization, lane S is for “stripped” samples where cells were never allowed to proceed through endocytosis but treated with reducing agent, and lane I represents results of “internalized” proteins.
In addition to just measuring endocytosis of surface proteins, scientists also examine the effects of drugs on this process. In this study, researchers assessed the surface density of DATs in response to treatment with an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), whose action has been suggested to induce DAT internalization. Scientists confirmed this by adapting the in vitro biotinylation protocol for use in an ex vivo assay on mouse brain tissue. The data revealed an approximately 30% loss of DAT from the cell membrane, in response to PKC activation.
Lastly, by tweaking the biotinylation assay, scientists can also measure recycling of membrane proteins. Here, researchers were investigating the surface channel protein, CFTR, responsible for conducting chloride ions. To assess recycling, researchers performed a standard biotinylation protocol in one group of cells, and modified the protocol for the second group of cells by adding steps after cleaving biotin off of the unendocytosed surface proteins. These additional steps included raising the temperature back to 37°C to allow recycling of some of the internalized, biotin tagged receptor proteins. By calculating the difference between the internalized proteins before and after recycling takes place, these scientists were able to quantify percent CFTR recycled back to the membrane.
You just watched JoVE’s introduction to cell-surface biotinylation assay. The video described the procedural steps of this assay, and explained the reaction occurring at each step. Lastly, we explored some example experiments that demonstrated the applicability of this method. As always, thanks for watching!
Q1: What is biotin and why is it used in cell-surface labeling experiments?
Biotin, also known as vitamin H, is a small, water-soluble molecule ideal for labeling cell surface proteins. The sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin derivative used in these assays contains a sulfo group that imparts strong charge, making it membrane impermeant so it labels only surface proteins. This allows scientists to track protein internalization without the label entering the cell prematurely.
Q2: How does temperature control regulate the biotinylation assay protocol?
The assay uses temperature shifts to control endocytosis timing. Cells are maintained at 4°C, a restrictive temperature preventing endocytosis, during initial biotin labeling. They are then moved to 37°C, a permissive temperature allowing endocytosis of labeled proteins. Finally, cells return to 4°C to halt endocytosis, ensuring precise measurement of internalized proteins during the defined window.
Q3: What role does L-glutathione play in distinguishing internalized from surface proteins?
L-glutathione is a hydrophilic, membrane-impermeant reducing agent that cleaves disulfide bonds on the biotin label. It removes biotin from unendocytosed surface proteins but cannot penetrate the cell membrane to reach internalized proteins. This selective cleavage leaves only biotinylated proteins that were protected inside the cell, enabling quantification of internalized proteins.
Q4: How are biotinylated proteins isolated and identified in the cell-surface biotinylation assay?
After cell lysis, biotinylated proteins are isolated using streptavidin-coated beads, which bind biotin with extremely high affinity. Following washing steps to remove contaminants, proteins are eluted using detergents and reducing agents. The recovered proteins are then separated by gel electrophoresis and analyzed using Western blotting with protein-specific antibodies for visualization and quantification.
Q5: What can scientists learn by measuring dopamine transporter endocytosis using biotinylation?
By applying the cell-surface biotinylation assay to dopamine transporter (DAT), scientists can quantify the percentage of DAT proteins internalized from the cell membrane. This measurement reveals how cells regulate neurotransmitter transporter availability and can show how drugs like protein kinase C activators affect transporter internalization, providing insights into cellular signaling and drug responses.
Q6: How can the biotinylation assay be modified to measure protein recycling?
To measure recycling, researchers perform the standard biotinylation protocol, then add steps after cleaving biotin from unendocytosed surface proteins. They raise temperature back to 37°C to allow internalized, biotin-tagged proteins to recycle back to the membrane. By comparing internalized protein amounts before and after recycling, scientists quantify the percentage of proteins recycled, as demonstrated with CFTR channel protein studies.
Q7: Why is the cell-surface biotinylation assay important for studying endocytosis and exocytosis pathways?
The biotinylation assay directly measures how cells regulate surface protein density through an introduction to endocytosis and exocytosis mechanisms. By tracking labeled proteins through internalization, degradation, and recycling pathways, scientists can quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of membrane proteins and understand how cells respond to extracellular signals and regulate cellular transport processes.
Chapters in this video
0:00
Overview
1:06
Principles Behind Cell-surface Biotinylation Assay
4:03
Generalized Protocol to Measure Endocytosis of Surface Proteins
6:05
Applications
8:44
Summary