Name: Testing Acetylcholine Followed by Adenosine for Invasive Diagnosis of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2021-02-03T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 58 s
Description: Learn the invasive diagnostic procedure for identifying functional coronary diseases in patients with unobstructed arteries. This method evaluates coronary vasomotion using intracoronary flow and pressure measurements to guide treatment.

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This project was supported by the Berthold-Leibinger-Foundation, Ditzingen, Germany.

Intracoronary ACh testing has been approved by the local ethics committee and the protocol follows the guidelines of our institution for human research. A previous JoVE article covered a protocol showing preparation of the ACh solutions as well as preparation of the syringes for intracoronary injection of ACh15.
1. Preparation of the ACh solutions and preparation of the syringes for intracoronary injection of ACh
<ol>
	<li>Please refer to a previously published JoVE article15.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of adenosine solution for intracoronary injection
<ol>
	<li>Take 1 ampoule of 6 mg adenosine (with 2 mL solvent) into a syringe (this corresponds to a dose of 3 mg/mL).</li>
	<li>Add the 6 mg of adenosine to 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution and mix gently.</li>
	<li>Fill a 10 mL syringe with 3.5 mL of the adenosine solution (approximately 200 &#181;g of adenosine).</li>
	<li>Perform the last step 3 times for preparation of 3 injections.</li>
</ol>
3. Diagnostic coronary angiography
<ol>
	<li>Depending on arterial access route, inject local anaesthesia either in proximity to the right femoral artery (usually 15 mL of mepivacaine) or in proximity to the right radial artery (usually 2 mL of mepivacaine).</li>
	<li>To confirm the success of local anaesthesia, prick the anesthetized-skin with the needle and ask the patient if pain is still present.</li>
	<li>Puncture the artery according to the Seldinger technique and insert the sheath (usually 5F). If possible, omit radial spasm prophylaxis in patients undergoing planned IDP. Perform coronary angiography under sterile conditions.</li>
	<li>Introduce the diagnostic catheter over a J-tipped wire through the radial artery sheath to the ascending aorta and advance it to the aortic root.</li>
	<li>Give 5000 IU of heparin.</li>
	<li>Engage the diagnostic catheter into the ostium of the right (RCA) and subsequently of the left coronary artery (LCA). Inject 2 mL of contrast to confirm correct positioning of the catheter.</li>
	<li>Perform coronary angiography in different views using manual injections of approximately 10 mL of contrast agent under fluoroscopy to visualize the coronary arteries. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Usually LAO 40&#176; and RAO 35&#176; are used for the RCA and LAO 45&#176;/ CRAN 25&#176;, RAO 30&#176;/ CRAN 30&#176; and RAO 20&#176;/ CAUD 30&#176; are used for the LCA.</li>
</ol>
4. Preparations for the IDP
<ol>
	<li>As&#160;a prerequisite for the IDP, exclude any epicardial stenosis of &#62;50% on visual assessment. 
	NOTE: The default artery for the IDP is the LCA as it allows the examination of the two vessels (left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery (LCX)) at the same time.</li>
	<li>Place a guiding catheter suitable for the LCA into the left main (this can be 5F or 6F, choice of the catheter depends on the patient&#39;s anatomy).</li>
	<li>Give another 5000 IU of heparin.</li>
	<li>Advance the Doppler flow-/pressure-wire carefully through the guiding catheter into the left main artery.</li>
	<li>After flushing to avoid any contrast in the catheter, calibrate the Doppler flow-/pressure-wire with the fractional flow reserve (FFR) sensor (localized either tip-adjacent or 1.5 cm offset depending on the wire type) in the left main (press Norm on the software of the computer system).</li>
	<li>Place the tip of the wire&#160;in the proximal-mid portion of the vessel (usually LAD). Perform fluoroscopy&#160;to record wire position.</li>
	<li>Assess and optimize the Doppler and ECG signal quality, if needed. 
	NOTE: This can be done by turning or pulling the wire in order to optimize the wire position. There is also the possibility for fine tuning of the Doppler-signal within the system settings (e.g., optimal tracing and scaling of ECG- and Doppler-signals, wall filter adjustment, etc.).</li>
	<li>Once a good signal is obtained, press Record to record the signals on the system. The patient is now ready for the IDP.</li>
</ol>
5. Carrying out the IDP
<ol>
	<li>Inject 6 mL of the lowest ACh concentration (0.36 &#181;g/mL) into the LCA (~ 2 &#181;g of ACh) within 20 s. Flush with 3-4 mL of saline. Perform continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring and ask the patient for recognizable anginal symptoms (e.g., chest pain, dyspnoea). Observe the Doppler-signal curves and record the average peak velocity (APV) during ACh injection.</li>
	<li>Perform coronary angiography of the LCA after ACh injection by manual injection of approximately 10 mL of contrast agent through the catheter. After every ACh dose, record and print the 12-lead ECG. Ask the patient for recognizable anginal symptoms. Give a 1 min pause between every dose. 
	NOTE: Usually a RAO 20&#176;/ CAUD 30&#176; projection is the best projection for ACh testing.</li>
	<li>Inject 6 mL of the medium ACh concentration (3.6 &#181;g/mL) into the LCA (~ 20 &#181;g of ACh). Inject within 20 s with continuous monitoring of the 12-lead ECG and the patient&#39;s symptoms. Flush with 3-4 mL of saline. Observe the Doppler-signal curves and record the APV during ACh injection. Perform coronary angiography of the LCA after the 6 mL injection of ACh as mentioned above.</li>
	<li>Inject 5.5 mL of the high&#160;ACh concentration (18 &#181;g/mL) into the LCA (~ 100 &#181;g of ACh). Inject within 20 s with continuous monitoring of the ECG and the patient&#39;s symptoms. Flush with 3-4 mL of saline. Observe the Doppler-signal curves and record the APV during ACh injection. Repeat coronary angiography of the LCA as described above. 
	NOTE: In most patients with coronary spasm, symptom reproduction, ECG changes or epicardial vasoconstriction develop at this dose. If bradycardia occurs during ACh injection, this can be resolved by slowing down the speed of the manual ACh injection. A slower injection over a period of 3 min compared to the 20 s injection is also feasible.</li>
	<li>If no epicardial spasm (i.e., &#62; 90% vasoconstriction) occurs at the 100 &#181;g dose continue with the 200 &#181;g of ACh dose (11 mL of the high&#160;ACh concentration (18 &#181;g/mL). Inject within 20 s with continuous monitoring of the ECG and the patient&#39;s symptoms. Flush with 3-4 mL of saline. Observe the Doppler-signal curves and record the APV during ACh injection. Repeat coronary angiography of the LCA. 
	NOTE: Slow down the speed of the manual ACh injection if bradycardia occurs as mentioned above.</li>
	<li>Inject 200 &#181;g of nitroglycerine into the LCA at the end of the ACh test or when severe symptoms (i.e.,&#160;severe angina or dyspnoea), ischemic ECG shifts or epicardial spasm occurs. Perform coronary angiography of the LCA after approximately one minute to document reversion of spasm.</li>
	<li>After the APV returns to the baseline and ECG as well as patient&#39;s symptoms have normalized, perform the next step (i.e., CFR, HMR assessment).</li>
	<li>Press Base to capture baseline values of APV as well as distal (Pd) and aortic (Pa) pressure.</li>
	<li>Quickly inject a bolus of 3.5 mL of the adenosine solution into the LCA (~ 200 &#181;g of adenosine) followed by a brief saline flush (10 mL).&#160;Press the Peak search button 3 heart beats after the injection to initiate peak search (maximal APV and minimal Pd) in order to avoid influences of flushing. The system calculates and displays the values for FFR, CFR and HMR. 
	NOTE: The intracoronary injection of adenosine is well tolerated by the patients with only few side effects such as palpitations.</li>
	<li>Repeat the previous steps (5.8 &#38; 5.9) until 2 concurring measurements have been successfully done. Calculate the mean FFR/CFR/HMR from the values of the measurements.</li>
	<li>Pull back the Doppler flow-/pressure-wire into the left main to check for pressure drift.&#160;In case of a significant pressure drift, recalibrate the pressure sensor of the wire (step 4.5) and repeat the CFR/HMR measurement.</li>
	<li>Pull out the Doppler flow-/pressure-wire and take a final image of the LCA to document that no vessel injury has occurred.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Vakil, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Safety+and+efficacy+of+the+MitraClip+system+for+severe+mitral+regurgitation%3A+a+systematic+review%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Catheterization+and+Cardiovascular+Interventions%22%5BJournal%5D)">Safety and efficacy of the MitraClip system for severe mitral regurgitation: a systematic review.</a> Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 84 (1), 129-136 (2014).</li>
<li>Cahill, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transcatheter+aortic+valve+implantation%3A+current+status+and+future+perspectives%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+heart+journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: current status and future perspectives.</a> European heart journal. 39 (28), 2625-2634 (2018).</li>
<li>Ford, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Assessment+of+Vascular+Dysfunction+in+Patients+Without+Obstructive+Coronary+Artery+Disease%3A+Why%2C+How%2C+and+When%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22JACC.+Cardiovascular+interventions%22%5BJournal%5D)">Assessment of Vascular Dysfunction in Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Why, How, and When.</a> JACC. Cardiovascular interventions. 13 (16), 1847-1864 (2020).</li>
<li>Sechtem, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Coronary+microvascular+dysfunction+in+stable+ischaemic+heart+disease+%28non-obstructive+coronary+artery+disease+and+obstructive+coronary+artery+disease%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cardiovascular+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Coronary microvascular dysfunction in stable ischaemic heart disease (non-obstructive coronary artery disease and obstructive coronary artery disease).</a> Cardiovascular Research. 116 (4), 771-786 (2020).</li>
<li>Beltrame, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((International+standardization+of+diagnostic+criteria+for+vasospastic+angina%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Heart+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">International standardization of diagnostic criteria for vasospastic angina.</a> European Heart Journal. 38 (33), 2565-2568 (2017).</li>
<li>Ong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((International+standardization+of+diagnostic+criteria+for+microvascular+angina%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+journal+of+cardiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">International standardization of diagnostic criteria for microvascular angina.</a> International journal of cardiology. 250, 16-20 (2018).</li>
<li>Knuuti, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((2019+ESC+Guidelines+for+the+diagnosis+and+management+of+chronic+coronary+syndromes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Heart+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes.</a> European Heart Journal. 41 (3), 407-477 (2020).</li>
<li>Ford, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ischemia+and+No+Obstructive+Coronary+Artery+Disease%3A+Prevalence+and+Correlates+of+Coronary+Vasomotion+Disorders%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circulation.+Cardiovascular+Interventions%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ischemia and No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Prevalence and Correlates of Coronary Vasomotion Disorders.</a> Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions. 12 (12), 008126(2019).</li>
<li>Suda, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Coronary+Functional+Abnormalities+in+Patients+With+Angina+and+Nonobstructive+Coronary+Artery+Disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Coronary Functional Abnormalities in Patients With Angina and Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 74 (19), 2350-2360 (2019).</li>
<li>Ford, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Stratified+Medical+Therapy+Using+Invasive+Coronary+Function+Testing+in+Angina%3A+The+CorMicA+Trial%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Stratified Medical Therapy Using Invasive Coronary Function Testing in Angina: The CorMicA Trial.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 72 (23), Pt A 2841-2855 (2018).</li>
<li>Ong, P., Athanasiadis, A., Sechtem, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intracoronary+Acetylcholine+Provocation+Testing+for+Assessment+of+Coronary+Vasomotor+Disorders%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (114), (2016).</li>
<li>Sara, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Prevalence+of+Coronary+Microvascular+Dysfunction+Among+Patients+With+Chest+Pain+and+Nonobstructive+Coronary+Artery+Disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22JACC.+Cardiovascular+Interventions%22%5BJournal%5D)">Prevalence of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Among Patients With Chest Pain and Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease.</a> JACC. Cardiovascular Interventions. 8 (11), 1445-1453 (2015).</li>
<li>Kunadian, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+EAPCI+Expert+Consensus+Document+on+Ischaemia+with+Non-Obstructive+Coronary+Arteries+in+Collaboration+with+European+Society+of+Cardiology+Working+Group+on+Coronary+Pathophysiology+%26+Microcirculation+Endorsed+by+Coronary+Vasomotor+Disorders+International+Study+Group%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Heart+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">An EAPCI Expert Consensus Document on Ischaemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries in Collaboration with European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology & Microcirculation Endorsed by Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study Group.</a> European Heart Journal. 41 (37), 3504-3520 (2020).</li>
<li>Ong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((High+prevalence+of+a+pathological+response+to+acetylcholine+testing+in+patients+with+stable+angina+pectoris+and+unobstructed+coronary+arteries.+The+ACOVA+Study+%28Abnormal+COronary+VAsomotion+in+patients+with+stable+angina+and+unobstructed+coronary+arteries%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">High prevalence of a pathological response to acetylcholine testing in patients with stable angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries. The ACOVA Study (Abnormal COronary VAsomotion in patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 59 (7), 655-662 (2012).</li>
<li>Mohri, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Angina+pectoris+caused+by+coronary+microvascular+spasm%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Lancet%22%5BJournal%5D)">Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm.</a> The Lancet. 351 (9110), 1165-1169 (1998).</li>
<li>Sun, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Coronary+microvascular+spasm+causes+myocardial+ischemia+in+patients+with+vasospastic+angina%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Coronary microvascular spasm causes myocardial ischemia in patients with vasospastic angina.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 39 (5), 847-851 (2002).</li>
<li>Waxman, S., Moreno, R., Rowe, K. A., Verrier, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Persistent+primary+coronary+dilation+induced+by+transatrial+delivery+of+nitroglycerin+into+the+pericardial+space%3A+a+novel+approach+for+local+cardiac+drug+delivery%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Persistent primary coronary dilation induced by transatrial delivery of nitroglycerin into the pericardial space: a novel approach for local cardiac drug delivery.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 33 (7), 2073-2077 (1999).</li>
<li>Fearon, W. F., Kobayashi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Invasive+Assessment+of+the+Coronary+Microvasculature%3A+The+Index+of+Microcirculatory+Resistance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circulation.+Cardiovascular+Interventions%22%5BJournal%5D)">Invasive Assessment of the Coronary Microvasculature: The Index of Microcirculatory Resistance.</a> Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions. 10 (12), (2017).</li>
<li>Om, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Diagnostic+and+Prognostic+Value+of+Ergonovine+Echocardiography+for+Noninvasive+Diagnosis+of+Coronary+Vasospasm%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22JACC.+Cardiovascular+Imaging%22%5BJournal%5D)">Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Ergonovine Echocardiography for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Coronary Vasospasm.</a> JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging. 13 (9), 1875-1887 (2020).</li>
</ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Management of patients with angina and unobstructed coronary arteries is often demanding and sometimes frustrating. An important step during the work-up of these patients is that the underlying pathophysiological mechanism(s) for the patient&#39;s symptoms are adequately investigated. This is challenging as often not only one mechanism is responsible and various aetiologies including cardiac and non-cardiac as well as coronary and non-coronary need to be taken into account.
Frequently patients...

In recent years interventional cardiology has made substantial progress in various areas. This not only comprises interventional treatment of the heart valves using transcatheter aortic valve replacement and edge-to-edge repair of the mitral and tricuspid valve, but also coronary interventions1,2,3,4,5,6. Among the latter are advances in techniques for treatment of chronic total occlusions as well as calcified lesions using rotablation and shock wave therapy. In addition to these rather structural coronary interventional procedures invasive diagnostic procedures (IDP) have now been established in search of functional coronary disorders (i.e., coronary spasm and microvascular dysfunction)7. The latter comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions frequently but not exclusively occurring in patients with angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries. The main mechanisms underlying these vasomotor disorders are impaired coronary vasodilatation, enhanced vasoconstriction/spasm as well as enhanced coronary microvascular resistance. The latter is often due to obstructive microvascular disease8. Anatomically, coronary vasomotor disorders may occur in the epicardial arteries, the coronary microcirculation or both. The Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study group (COVADIS) has published definitions for the diagnosis of these disorders9,10 and recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on the management of patients with chronic coronary syndrome have made recommendations for adequate patient assessment depending on the clinical condition11. Moreover, recent publications have delineated the various endotypes that can be derived from an IDP12,13. Such an approach has a benefit for the individual patient as randomized studies have shown better quality of life in patients undergoing an IDP followed by stratified medical therapy according to the test result compared to usual care by the general practitioner14. Currently, there is a debate about the most appropriate protocol for testing of such vasomotor disorders. The aim of this article is to describe a protocol where acetylcholine (ACh) provocation testing in search of coronary spasm is followed by Doppler wire-based assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and hyperemic microvascular resistance (HMR) using adenosine (Figure 1).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cannula 0,95 x 50 mm (arterial punction)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4206096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cannula 23 G 0,6 x 25 mm (local anesthesia)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4670025S-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coronary angiography suite (AXIOM Artis MP eco)</td><td>Siemens</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Contrast agent Imeron 350 with a 10 mL syringe for contrast injection</td><td>Bracco Imaging</td><td>30699.04.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diagnostic catheter (various manufacturers)</td><td>e.g. Medtronic</td><td>DXT5JR40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glidesheath Slender 6 Fr</td><td>Terumo</td><td>RM*RS6J10PQ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin 5,000 IU (25,000 IU / 5 mL)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>1708.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mepivacaine 10 mg/mL</td><td>PUREN Pharma</td><td>11356266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride solution 0.9 % (1 x 100 mL)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>32000950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 2 mL (1x) (local anesthesia)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4606027V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 10 mL (1x) (Heparin)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4606108V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetylcholine chloride (vial of 20 mg acetylcholine chloride powder and 1 ampoule of 2 mL diluent)</td><td>Bausch &amp;amp; Lomb</td><td>NDC 240208-539-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cannula 20 G 70 mm (2x)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4665791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glyceryle Trinitrate 1 mg/mL (5 mL)</td><td>Pohl-Boskamp</td><td>07242798</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride solution 0.9 % (3 x 100 mL)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>32000950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 2 mL (1x)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4606027V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 5 mL (5x)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4606051V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 10 mL (1x)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4606108V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 50 mL (3x)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4187903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adenosine 6 mg/2 mL</td><td>Sanofi-Aventis</td><td>30124.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ComboMap Pressure/Flow System</td><td>Volcano</td><td>Model No. 6800 (Powers Up)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure/Flow Guide Wire</td><td>Volcano</td><td>9515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride solution 0.9 % (1 x 100 mL)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>32000950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe 10 mL (3x)</td><td>BBraun</td><td>4606108V</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing acetylcholine followed by adenosine for invasive diagnosis of coronary vasomotor disorders

Testing Acetylcholine Followed by Adenosine for Invasive Diagnosis of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders

More than 50% of patients with signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia undergoing coronary angiography have unobstructed coronary arteries. Coronary vasomotor disorders (impaired vasodilatation and/or enhanced vasoconstriction/spasm) represent important functional causes for such a clinical presentation. Although impaired vasodilatation may be assessed with non-invasive techniques such as positron emission tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, there is currently no reliable non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of coronary spasm available. Thus, invasive diagnostic procedures (IDP) have been developed for the diagnosis of coronary vasomotor disorders including spasm testing as well as assessment of coronary vasodilatation. The identification of the underlying type of disorder (so called endotype) allows the initiation of targeted pharmacological treatments. Despite the fact that such an approach is recommended by the current European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes based on the CorMicA study, comparability of results as well as multicenter trials are currently hampered by major differences in institutional protocols for coronary functional testing. This article describes a comprehensive IDP protocol including intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing for diagnosis of epicardial/microvascular spasm, followed by Doppler wire-based assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and hyperemic microvascular resistance (HMR) in search of coronary vasodilatory impairment.

According to the diagnostic criteria suggested by COVADIS9, vasospastic angina can be diagnosed if the following criteria apply during ACh provocation testing: transient ECG changes indicating ischemia, reproduction of the patient´s usual anginal symptoms and &gt; 90% vasoconstriction of an epicardial vessel as confirmed during coronary angiography (Figure 2).
Spasm of the co...

Coronary vasomotion disorders represent frequent functional causes of angina in patients with unobstructed coronaries. The underlying mechanism of angina (endotype) in these patients can be determined by a comprehensive invasive diagnostic procedure based on acetylcholine provocation testing followed by Doppler-derived assessment of the coronary flow reserve and microvascular resistance.

More than 50% of patients with signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia undergoing coronary angiography have unobstructed coronary arteries. Coronary ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Continuous 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring can identify transient myocardial ischemia, even when asymptomatic, among patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this article we describe our method for initiating patient monitoring using a Holter device, downloading the ECG data for off-line analysis, and how to utilize the ECG software to identify transient ischemia.

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Intracoronary acetylcholine testing has been established for the assessment of epicardial coronary spasm more than 30 years ago. Recently, the focus has shifted towards the microcirculation and it has been shown that microvascular spasm can be detected using ACH-testing. This article describes the ACH-test and its implementation in daily routine.

Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

This protocol presents the acetylcholine rechallenge after nitroglycerine as an add-on procedure to spasm provocation testing. The purpose of this technique is to unmask co-existing microvascular spasm in patients with epicardial spasm and to assess the protective efficacy of nitroglycerine on a per-patient level to guide medical therapy.

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration

Myocardial lactate production (coronary arterial-venous difference in serum lactate level) during coronary spasm provocation testing is considered as a highly sensitive marker that reflects acetylcholine-induced myocardial ischemia due to microvascular spasm. This article presents the procedures to assess myocardial lactate production for the diagnosis of coronary microvascular spasm.

Measurement of Myocardial Lactate Production for Diagnosis of Coronary Microvascular Spasm

The assessment of microvascular function by oxygenation-sensitive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in combination with vasoactive breathing maneuvers is unique in its ability to assess rapid dynamic changes in myocardial oxygenation in vivo and, thus, may serve as a critically important diagnostic technique for coronary vascular function.

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

This article describes the selection of suitable probes for single-cell FISH, spreading techniques for blastomere nuclei, and in situ hybridization and signal scoring, applied to pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in a clinical setting.

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis 

Acute brain trauma is a severe injury that has no adequate treatment to date. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying longitudinally the process of acute brain trauma development and probing therapeutical strategies in rodents. Two models of acute brain trauma studied with in vivo two-photon imaging of brain are demonstrated in this protocol.

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Here, we present a protocol to study the invasion of tumor cells into living normal tissue fragments in three dimensions. This organ culture technique is mainly applied to test potentially anti-invasive drugs in vitro.

Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Learn the invasive diagnostic procedure for identifying functional coronary diseases in patients with unobstructed arteries. This method evaluates coronary vasomotion using intracoronary flow and pressure measurements to guide treatment.

Testing Acetylcholine Followed by Adenosine for Invasive Diagnosis of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders

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