Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes

Summary

Here we present a protocol to assess the organization of astrocytic networks. The described method minimizes bias to provide descriptive measures of these networks such as cell count, size, area, and position within a nucleus. Anisotropy is assessed with a vectorial analysis.

Abstract

It has become increasingly clear that astrocytes modulate neuronal function not only at the synaptic and single-cell levels, but also at the network level. Astrocytes are strongly connected to each other through gap junctions and coupling through these junctions is dynamic and highly regulated. An emerging concept is that astrocytic functions are specialized and adapted to the functions of the neuronal circuit with which they are associated. Therefore, methods to measure various parameters of astrocytic networks are needed to better describe the rules governing their communication and coupling and to further understand their functions.

Here, using the image analysis software (e.g., ImageJFIJI), we describe a method to analyze confocal images of astrocytic networks revealed by dye-coupling. These methods allow for 1) an automated and unbiased detection of labeled cells, 2) calculation of the size of the network, 3) computation of the preferential orientation of dye spread within the network, and 4) repositioning of the network within the area of interest.

This analysis can be used to characterize astrocytic networks of a particular area, compare networks of different areas associated to different functions, or compare networks obtained under different conditions that have different effects on coupling. These observations may lead to important functional considerations. For instance, we analyze the astrocytic networks of a trigeminal nucleus, where we have previously shown that astrocytic coupling is essential for the ability of neurons to switch their firing patterns from tonic to rhythmic bursting¹. By measuring the size, confinement, and preferential orientation of astrocytic networks in this nucleus, we can build hypotheses about functional domains that they circumscribe. Several studies suggest that several other brain areas, including the barrel cortex, lateral superior olive, olfactory glomeruli, and sensory nuclei in the thalamus and visual cortex, to name a few, may benefit from a similar analysis.

Introduction

Many studies have described how the neuron-astrocyte dialogue at a sub-cellular or synaptic level can have implications in neuronal functions and synaptic transmission. It is well established that astrocytes are sensitive to surrounding neuronal activity; in fact, they have receptors for many neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, and ATP (see previously published reviews^2,3,4). In return, astrocytic processes ensheath synaptic elements and influence neuronal activity both there and at extrasynaptic sites by regulating extracellular ionic homeostasis and ....

Protocol

All procedures abode by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research rules and were approved by the University of Montreal Animal Care and Use Committee.

1. Preparation of Rat Brain Slices

1. Prepare 1 L of a sucrose-based solution (Table 1) and 1 L of standard artificial cerebral-spinal fluid (aCSF) (Table 2).
2. Bubble the sucrose-based solution with a mix of 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂ (carbogen) for 30 min before placing it in -80 °C for about 30 min, until the solution is cold but not entirely frozen. Use this ice-cold sucrose as the cutting buffer for the slicing of the brain....

Results

Coupling between cells in the brain is not static but rather dynamically regulated by many factors. The methods described were developed to analyze astrocytic networks revealed under different conditions and to understand their organization in NVsnpr. These results have been already published¹. We performed biocytin filling of single astrocytes in the dorsal part of the NVsnpr in three different conditions: at rest (in control conditions in the absence of any stimu.......

Discussion

A number of electrophysiological methods exist to assess functional coupling between astrocytes^23,24. However, these methods do not provide information about the anatomical arrangement of astrocytic networks. A number of studies have already shown that "dye- or tracer-coupling", as done here, occurs only in a fraction of coupled cells that are detected by electrophysiological methods^25,26,

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
NaCl	Fisher Chemicals	S671-3
KCl	Fisher Chemicals	P217-500
KH2PO4	Fisher Chemicals	P285-500
MgSO4	Fisher Chemicals	M65-500
NaHCO3	Fisher Chemicals	S233-500
C6H12O6 Dextrose anhydrous	Fisher Chemicals	D16-500
CaCl2 dihydrated	Sigma	C70-500
Sucrose	Sigma	S9378
D-gluconic acid potassium salt	Sigma	G45001
MgCl2 anhydrous	Sigma	M8266
HEPES	Sigma	H3375
EGTA	Sigma	E4378
ATPTris Salt	Sigma	A9062
GTPTris Salt	Sigma	G9002
Biocytin	Sigma	B4261
Carbenoxolone disodium salt	Sigma	C4790
avidin-biotin complex : ABC kit	Vestor laboratories	PK-4000
Streptavidine-alexa 594	Molecular Probes	S11227
Triton	Fisher Chemicals	BP151-500
Xylene	Fisher Chemicals	X5-1
Aqueous mounting medium 1 : Fluoromount-G	SouthernBiotech	0100-01
Toluen-based synthetic resin mounting medium : Permount	Fisher Chemicals	SP15-100
Slide Drying Bench	Fisherbrand	11-474-470
Vibratome	Leica	VT 1000S
Microscope cover glass	Fisherbrand	12-544A
Microscope slide ColorFrost	Fisherbrand	12-550-413
PFA	Fisherchemicals	04042-500
Olympus FluoView FV 1000 Confocal microscope	Olympus
40X water-immersion lens	Olympus	LUMPLFLN40XW
20X water-immersion lens	Olympus	XLUMPLFL20XW
4X water-immersion lens	Olympus	XLFLUOR4X/340
Micropipette puller	Sutter Instrument	P97
Micromanipulator	Sutter Instrument	MP 225
Camera CCD	Sony	CX-ST50
Black and white monitor	Sony	SSM-125
Digidata	Molecular devices	1322A
Patch Clamp amplifier	Axon instrument	Mulitclamp 700A
Electrophysiology acquisition software	Molecular devices	pClamp 8
Electrophysiology analysis software	Molecular devices	Clampfit 8
Imaging analysis software	ImageJFIJI	Open source software. FIJI version including plug in package.
Vector image editor	Adobe	Illustrator CS4
Spreadsheet application	Microsoft Office	Excel 2010