A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Summary

This protocol was generated as a means to produce brain organoids in a simplified, low cost manner without exogenous growth factors or basement membrane matrix while still maintaining the diversity of brain cell types and many features of cellular organization.

Abstract

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a three-dimensional system. Here we present a relatively straightforward and inexpensive method that yields brain organoids. In this protocol human pluripotent stem cells are broken into small clusters instead of single cells and grown in basic media without a heterologous basement membrane matrix or exogenous growth factors, allowing the intrinsic developmental cues to shape the organoid's growth. This simple system produces a diversity of brain cell types including glial and microglial cells, stem cells, and neurons of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Organoids generated from this protocol also display hallmarks of appropriate temporal and spatial organization demonstrated by brightfield images, histology, immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Because these organoids contain cell types from various parts of the brain, they can be utilized for studying a multitude of diseases. For example, in a recent paper we demonstrated the use of organoids generated from this protocol for studying the effects of hypoxia on the human brain. This approach can be used to investigate an array of otherwise difficult to study conditions such as neurodevelopmental handicaps, genetic disorders, and neurologic diseases.

Introduction

Due to myriad practical and ethical limitations, there has been a great deal of difficulty in studying the human brain. While studies utilizing rodents have been critical to our understanding of the human brain, the mouse brain has many dissimilarities^1,2. Interestingly, mice have a neuronal density that is at least 7 times less than the primate brain^3,4. Although primates are closer to humans than rodents from an evolutionary standpoint, it is not practical for most researchers to work with them. The purpose of this protocol was to recapitulate many i....

Protocol

1. Stem Cell Maintenance

1. Maintain H9 hESCs on a layer of growth factor reduced basement membrane matrix (see the Table of Materials, henceforth simply referred to as matrix) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
   1. To coat one 6-well plate or one 10 cm dish, combine 100 µL of matrix with 5.9 mL of ice-cold Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F12 media. Wrap plates in paraffin film and store overnight at 4 °C. Use them on the next day for passaging cells after the excess matrix/media is aspirated.
2. Culture the cells week to week at approximately a 1:12 split ratio every 7 days. M....

Results

Figure 1 shows representative brightfield images of several time points to demonstrate what the cells/organoids look like throughout the different stages of the protocol. The hESCs were removed from the tissue culture plate, broken into small pieces, and placed in a T75 ultra-low attachment flask where they formed spheres. It is important to note that the cells look bright and similar in size, without dark, dying cells in the centers of these clusters. The cells were gradually weaned off bFG.......

Discussion

Similar to other organoid models, this is an artificial system that comes with several caveats. Although there was little batch to batch variation in terms of overall expression levels, individual organoids did exhibit differences. For example, the location of Sox-2 positive areas were not identical in every organoid (Figure 3). While qPCR is suitable to look for overall changes in batches of cells, additional techniques such as single cell RNAseq will be utilized in future studies to gather more informa.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA	A11029
Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-rabbit	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA	A11035
B27 Supplement	Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA	17504-044
bFGF	Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA	PHG0263
BSA	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	A9647
BX43 microscope	Olympus, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
DAPI stain	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA	D1306
Dispase	STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, Canada	07913
DMEM/F12	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA	11330-032
DPBS	Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA	10010023
FluroSave	MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA	345789
GFAP antibody	NeuroMab, Davis, CA	N206A/8
Growth Factor Reduced Matrigel (Matrix)	Corning, Corning, NY, USA	356231
H9 hESCs	WiCell, Madison, WI, USA	WA09
Heparin	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	9041-08-1
iQ SYBR Green Supermix	Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA	1708880
iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit	Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA	1708891
L-glutamine	Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA	25030-081
Monothioglycerol	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	M6145
mTESR media	STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, Canada	85850
N2 NeuroPlex	Gemini Bio Products, West Sacramento, CA, USA	400-163
Nanodrop	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA	ND-2000
NEAA	Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA	11140-050
Normal Donkey Serum (NDS)	ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, PA, USA	017-000-121
OCT	Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA, USA	25608-930
PFA	Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA	RT15710
qPCR machine	Bio-Rad, CFX96, Hercules, CA, USA	1855196
RNeasy kit	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	74104
Sox2	MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA	AB5603
TMS-F microscope	Nikon, Melville, NY, USA
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	T8787-100ML
Ultra-low attachment T75 flasks	Corning, Corning, NY, USA	3814