Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Summary

This is a method to generate “scarless” recombinant vaccinia viruses using host-range selection and visual identification of recombinant viruses.

Abstract

Vaccinia virus (VACV) was instrumental in eradicating variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, from nature. Since its first use as a vaccine, VACV has been developed as a vector for therapeutic vaccines and as an oncolytic virus. These applications take advantage of VACV’s easily manipulated genome and broad host range as an outstanding platform to generate recombinant viruses with a variety of therapeutic applications. Several methods have been developed to generate recombinant VACV, including marker selection methods and transient dominant selection. Here, we present a refinement of a host range selection method coupled with visual identification of recombinant viruses. Our method takes advantage of selective pressure generated by the host antiviral protein kinase R (PKR) coupled with a fluorescent fusion gene expressing mCherry-tagged E3L, one of two VACV PKR antagonists. The cassette, including the gene of interest and the mCherry-E3L fusion is flanked by sequences derived from the VACV genome. Between the gene of interest and mCherry-E3L is a smaller region that is identical to the first ~150 nucleotides of the 3’ arm, to promote homologous recombination and loss of the mCherry-E3L gene after selection. We demonstrate that this method permits efficient, seamless generation of rVACV in a variety of cell types without requiring drug selection or extensive screening for mutant viruses.

Introduction

Vaccinia virus (VACV) was instrumental for the first successful eradication of a human pathogen, variola virus (VARV), from nature. Ever since the extermination of variola virus, poxviruses including VACV have continued to be useful therapeutic viruses for both human and animal medicine. For example, a VACV-based rabies virus vaccine has been very effective in preventing transmission of sylvatic rabies in Europe¹ and the United States². More recently, recombinant poxviruses expressing a variety of anti-tumor molecules (e.g., single-chain antibodies or human erythropoietin) have seen encouraging success as oncolytic agent....

Protocol

1. Generating the recombination vector

1. Design primers to generate the selection cassette. Design each individual amplicon with overlapping sequences with neighboring amplicons and the vector to facilitate isothermal enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules, also called Gibson assembly, using any of several online primer design tools.
   NOTE: This protocol can also be completed using traditional restriction endonuclease-based cloning methods. In that case, design primers with the appropriate restriction sites rather than with overlapping sequences.
2. Using the primers designed in step 1.1, PCR amplify the following elements in order from 5’ to....

Results

We used the procedure diagrammed in Figure 1 to generate a VACV lacking both PKR antagonists E3L and K3L, by replacing E3L with EGFP in a virus already deleted for K3L (vP872). Figure 2 shows red fluorescent plaques in PKR competent RK13 cells indicative of viral expression of mCherry-E3L, as well as EGFP expressed in RK13+E3L+K3L cells confirming the loss of E3L and collapse of the mCherry-E3L selection marker. Figure 3 confirms th.......

Discussion

Here we present a variation of a transient marker selection strategy ³² to generate recombinant vaccinia viruses without retaining foreign DNA in the final recombinant virus. Our strategy uses selective pressure mediated by the host antiviral protein PKR rather than other forms of selective pressure such as antibiotics. The use of host antiviral genes eliminates the possibility of chemically induced phenotypic changes in the cells, or increased risk of mutation due to selection drugs. Furthermore,.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2X-Q5 Master Mix	NEB	M0492L	High-fidelity polymerase used in PCR
Ampicillin	ThermoFisher Scientific	11593027	Bacterial selective agent
Disposable Cell Scrapers	ThermoFisher Scientific	08-100-242	Cell scraper to harvest infected cells
EVOS FL Auto 2 Cell imaging system	ThermoFisher Scientific	AMAFD2000	Fluorescent microscope
EVOS Light Cube, GFP	ThermoFisher	AMEP4651	GFP Cube
EVOS Light Cube, RFP	ThermoFisher	AMEP4652	RFP Cube
GenJet	SignaGen Laboratories	SL100489	Transfection reagent
Luria Bertani (LB) Broth	Gibco	10855021	Bacterial growth medium
Monarch DNA gel extraction kit	NEB	T1020L	Gel purification kit used to purify amplicons and linearized vectors
Monarch Plasmid Miniprep kit	NEB	T1010L	Miniprep kit ussed to purify plasmids
NanoDrop One	ThermoFisher Scientific	ND-ONE-W	Spectrophotometer used to measure RNA and DNA concentration
NEBuilder Master Mix	NEB	E2621L	Isothermal enzymatic assembly kit used to generate the recombination vector
Q500 Sonicator	Qsonica	Q500-110	Sonicator for virus lysates
RK13 cells	ATCC	CCL-37	Rabbit kidney cells
VWR Multiwell Cell Culture plates	VWR	10062-892	Cell culture plates