Quantification of Immunostained Caspase-9 in Retinal Tissue

Summary

Presented here is a detailed immunohistochemistry protocol to identify, validate, and target functionally relevant caspases in complex tissues.

Abstract

The family of caspases is known to mediate many cellular pathways beyond cell death, including cell differentiation, axonal pathfinding, and proliferation. Since the identification of the family of cell death proteases, there has been a search for tools to identify and expand the function of specific family members in development, health, and disease states. However, many of the currently commercially available caspase tools that are widely used are not specific for the targeted caspase. In this report, we delineate the approach we have used to identify, validate, and target caspase-9 in the nervous system using a novel inhibitor and genetic approaches with immunohistochemical read-outs. Specifically, we used the retinal neuronal tissue as a model to identify and validate the presence and function of caspases. This approach enables the interrogation of cell-type specific apoptotic and non-apoptotic caspase-9 functions and can be applied to other complex tissues and caspases of interest. Understanding the functions of caspases can help to expand current knowledge in cell biology, and can also be advantageous to identify potential therapeutic targets due to their involvement in disease.

Introduction

The caspases are a family of proteases that regulate developmental cell death, immune responses, and aberrant cell death in disease^1,2. While it is well known that members of the caspase family are induced in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding which caspase drives disease pathology is more challenging³. Such studies require tools to identify, characterize, and validate the function of individual caspase family members. Parsing out the relevant individual caspases is important both from a mechanistic and a therapeutic standpoint, as the literature has multiple studies....

Protocol

This protocol follows the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) statement for the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research. Rodent experiments were approved and monitored by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Columbia University.

1. Preparation of retinal tissue and cryosectioning

1. Euthanize the animals by administration of intraperitoneal anesthesia (ketamine (80-100 mg/kg) and xylazine (5-10 mg/kg)), and perfuse the mice subjected to RVO (see⁸ for details) with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) using a peristaltic pump.
   NOTE: Toe-pinch....

Results

The described protocol allows the user to analyze and quantify caspase-9 levels in the retinal tissue. Additionally, it present tools to further identify, validate, and specifically target caspase-9 and downstream substrates. The summarized steps allow quantifiable analysis of caspase levels and cellular specificity in fluorescent photomicrographs. All figures show representative photomicrographs and quantification of the indicated caspase levels in the total retina, endothelial cells, and neurons in uninjured and 1-day .......

Discussion

Caspases are a multi-membered family of proteases best studied for their roles in cell death and inflammation; however, more recently a variety of non-death functions have been uncovered for some family members^4,5. Much of our understanding of caspase function is derived from work in cell culture and from inferential data from human disease. While it is appreciated that there is aberrant induction, activation, or inactivation of caspases in disease, it has been c.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
anti-Caspase-7 488	Novus Biologicals	NB-56529AF488	use at 1:150
anti-cl-Caspase-9	Cell Signaling	9505-S	use at 1:800
anti-CD31	BD Pharmingen	553370	use at 1:50
Confocal Spinning Disc Microscope	Biovision
FIJI 2.3.0	open source
Fluormount G	Fisher	50-187-88
Forcep	Roboz	RS-5015
iCasp9FL/FL X VECad-CreERT2 mice	lab generated		see Avrutsky 2020
Isolectin (594, 649)	Vector	DL-1207	use at 1:200
Ketamine Hydrochloride	Henry Schein	NDC: 11695-0702-1
Perfusion pump	Masterflex
Pen1-XBir3	lab generated		see Avrutsky 2020
Prism 9.1	GraphPad
Tissue-Tek O.C.T.	Fisher	14-373-65
Vis-a-View 4.0	Visitron Systems
Xylazine	Akorn	NDCL 59399-110-20