Summary
Here, we discuss a workflow to prepare, dissect, mount, and image live explant brains from Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae to observe the cellular and subcellular dynamics under physiological conditions.
Abstract
Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a differentiating ganglion mother cell (GMC), which will undergo one additional division to give rise to two neurons or glia. Studies in NBs have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying cell polarity, spindle orientation, neural stem cell self-renewal, and differentiation. These asymmetric cell divisions are readily observable via live-cell imaging, making larval NBs ideally suited for investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of asymmetric cell division in living tissue. When properly dissected and imaged in nutrient-supplemented medium, NBs in explant brains robustly divide for 12-20 h. Previously described methods are technically difficult and may be challenging to those new to the field. Here, a protocol is described for the preparation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of live third-instar larval brain explants using fat body supplements. Potential problems are also discussed, and examples are provided for how this technique can be used.
Introduction
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is the process by which subcellular components such as RNA, proteins, and organelles are partitioned unequally between daughter cells1,2. This process is commonly seen in stem cells, which undergo ACD to give rise to daughter cells with different developmental fates. Drosophila NBs divide asymmetrically to produce one NB, which retains its stemness, and one ganglion mother cell (GMC). The GMC undergoes further divisions to produce differentiating neurons or glia3. Asymmetrically dividing NBs are abundant in the developing brains of third-instar larvae, which are readily observed via microscopy. At the third instar larval stage, there are roughly 100 NBs present in each central brain lobe3,4,5,6.
Asymmetric cell division is a highly dynamic process. Live-cell imaging protocols have been used to measure and quantify the dynamics of cell polarity7,8,9,10, spindle orientation11,12,13, the dynamics of the actomyosin cortex14,15,16,17,18, microtubule and centrosome biology19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, and membrane10,28 and chromatin dynamics29. Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of ACD rely on robust methods and protocols to image dividing NBs in intact living brains. The following protocol outlines methods to prepare, dissect, and image third instar larval brains for live-cell imaging in vivo using two different mounting approaches. These methods are best suited for researchers interested in the spatiotemporal dynamics of stem cell divisions, as well as divisions in other brain cells, as they allow for short- and long-term observations of cellular events. Additionally, these techniques are readily accessible to newcomers to the field. We demonstrate the effectiveness and adaptability of this approach with larval brains expressing fluorescently tagged microtubule and cortical fusion proteins. We additionally discuss methods of analysis and considerations for application in other studies.
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Protocol
NOTE: Figure 1 shows the materials required to perform this study.
1. Considerations and preparations for the experiment
- Prevent the larvae from overcrowding.
NOTE: The quality of explant larval brains is directly related to the health and quality of the larvae prior to dissection. Larvae that are malnourished from overcrowding will generally yield lower-quality brains30.- Ensure that no more than 20-30 larvae are present per meal cap dish to avoid malnutrition. Examples of these can be seen in Figure 2.
- Filter and aliquot Schneider's medium before use.
- For each dissection, prepare fresh imaging and dissection medium by supplementing aliquoted Schneider's insect medium with 1% bovine growth serum (BGS). A volume of 5 mL of dissection and imaging medium is usually sufficient for an imaging experiment.
- Warm the supplemented medium to room temperature (RT) before use.
- Consider the length of the movie to be collected, and use that to factor the supplementation of the imaging medium, the mounting approach, and the acquisition settings of the microscope.
NOTE: Under optimal conditions, NBs in brains supplemented with only BGS will robustly divide for upward of 3 h.- Supplement the imaging medium by adding larval fat body tissues to the imaging medium to support divisions past 4 h when conducting experiments that require longer movies.
NOTE: Fat bodies secrete mitogens that support NB proliferation31, and whole fat bodies from 10 larvae are sufficient to support four to five brains. Further, samples imaged with a membrane-bound slide have been shown to divide for over 10 h13,32, while samples imaged with a multi-well slide usually divide less often (unpublished observations). - Alternatively, implement a more complex imaging medium for longer movies, as described previously33. Minimize photodamage by adjusting the exposure time, laser power, and sampling frequency for best results.
- Supplement the imaging medium by adding larval fat body tissues to the imaging medium to support divisions past 4 h when conducting experiments that require longer movies.
2. Larvae staging and collection (Figure 2)
- Cross 1-5 day old female virgin flies with 1-7 day old adult male flies to produce progeny with the desired genotype. For optimal yield, cross 10-15 female virgins with 5-10 males. Deposit these flies into a fly cage with a meal cap (Figure 2A-C), and incubate at 25 °C.
- Swap the meal cap daily. This prevents the meal caps from becoming overcrowded with larvae, which reduces the quality of the dissected brains.
- If the meal cap is significantly covered in larvae (i.e., >30), split this meal cap in half, and replace one half with a fresh meal cap that has also been cut in half. Alternatively, swap the meal caps on a more frequent basis (i.e., every 12 h instead of every 24 h). Examples of overpopulated meal caps can be seen in Figure 2E, F.
- Incubate the meal cap with larvae at 25 °C until the larvae reach the desired age.
3. Larval fat body dissection (Figure 3)
NOTE: This protocol describes dissections using a 3-well dissection dish.
- Pipette ~400 µL of dissection and imaging medium into each well of a 3-well dissection dish.
- Wash ten 72-96-h old well-fed wild-type larvae by gently holding them with dissection forceps and dipping them in and out of dissection solution in the bottom-most well until all food particulates have been washed off. After rinsing, move the clean larvae to the middle well.
- Using one set of tweezers, hold the larva by the mouth hooks. With the other set of tweezers, rupture one side of the larva's cuticle.
- This rupture will cause the fat bodies to spill out of the larva. The fat bodies are off-white and semi-translucent and will have a lattice-like structure (Figure 3I). The fat bodies will also tend to stick to themselves and the dissection tweezers. Once identified, collect as much fat body from each larva as possible, and transfer it with the forceps to the top-most well with 400 µL of RT dissection medium.
4. Larval brain dissection (Figure 3)
- Wash the experimental larvae in dissection and imaging medium as above to free them of food residues. For best results, avoid storing undissected larvae in the dissection solution. This will cause the larvae to "drown" and will negatively impact the quality of the dissected brains.
- Using one set of tweezers, hold the larva by the mouth hooks. Using another set of tweezers, gently cut/rip off approximately 1/3 of the larva from the posterior side (Figure 3A). This will cause elements of the digestive tract, fat bodies, connective tissue, and nervous system to "burst" out of the ruptured side of the larva (Figure 3B).
- Using one set of tweezers, hold the larva by the mouth hooks. With the other set of tweezers, gently brush the cuticle toward the mouth hooks while "pushing" inward with the tweezers holding the mouth hooks until the entire larva is turned inside out. This motion is similar to turning a sock "inside out" (Figure 3C, D).
- Invert the larva so that the central nervous system and other tissues face outward while still being connected to the cuticle. At this step, locate the central nervous system (CNS) to avoid accidental removal. Using tweezers, gently remove all the non-CNS tissue, leaving only the CNS and brain attached to the cuticle (Figure 3E).
- The brain will be attached to the cuticle via axonal connections. Using microdissection scissors, cut these axonal connections to release the brain from the cuticle. To do this, first gently cut underneath the brain lobes (Figure 3F). Repeat with the connections under the ventral nerve cord.
NOTE: This step may be done with tweezers if microdissection scissors are not available. Take special care when using tweezers to ensure that the brain tissue is not over-stretched during removal from the cuticle because mechanical stress will negatively affect the brain health. - Transfer the dissected brain into a well with dissection and imaging medium. For imaging experiments longer than 3 h, use dissection and imaging medium supplemented with fat bodies as described above. Dissect the larvae in batches to keep the dissection time under 20 min.
5. Mounting and imaging (Figure 4)
- For imaging with a membrane-bound slide34:
- Collect both dissected brains and isolated fat bodies in the last well of the dissection dish.
- Assemble half of the slide by placing a gas-permeable membrane over the back of the slide, and press the split ring into the center, holding it in place (Figure 4A-C).
- Using a 200 µL micropipette, transfer up to 10 dissected brains and as much fat body as possible (see above) in ~130-140 µL of dissection and imaging medium to the membrane. Make sure to deposit the medium with the samples in the center of the gas-permeable membrane (Figure 4D, E).
- Orient the brains for the population of NBs to be imaged and for the type of microscope being used (Figure 4E). Position the sample as close to the microscope's objective as possible. For example, to image NBs in the central brain lobes, orient the brains such that the brain lobes are closest to the objective (Figure 4H).
- Once the brains are oriented, gently place a glass coverslip on top of the solution on the membrane. This will cause the solution containing the brains and fat bodies to spread over the entirety of the membrane (Figure 4F).
- Blot excessive solution by holding a laboratory tissue close to the coverslip edge. The optimal amount of solution is achieved when the brains touch the coverslip without being squashed. If reorientation is required at this step, carefully move the coverslip to move the brains.
- Immobilize the coverslip by applying melted petroleum jelly along the edges of the coverslip with a paintbrush. Allow the jelly to solidify (Figure 4G).
- For imaging with a multi-well imaging slide (Figure 4):
- Add 400 µL of imaging medium to a well of a multi-well slide (in the experiment performed here, a chambered 8-well micro[µ]-slide was used; Figure 4I). Transfer the previously dissected fat bodies to this well (see step 3.4).
- Deposit up to 10 brains in a cluster near the center of the well (Figure 4J).
- Orient the brains for the population of NBs to be imaged and for the type of microscope being used, as described in step 5.1.4 (Figure 4K). Arrange the samples so they are close to each other. This will minimize the distance the stage must move between samples, which reduces sample drift during acquisition.
- Once the brains have been oriented in the well, allow the brains to settle for 2-5 min. This increases their stability during transport/imaging. Prepare the microscope for acquisition during this time.
- Cover the µ-slide with the slide cover, and transfer it to the microscope. Begin acquisition with the lowest laser power and exposure time possible to minimize photobleaching.
6. Data processing and management best practices
- Process the data as needed according to the available analysis software.
- For the example shown here, save the acquired data with SlideBook software as a SlideBook Image File (.sld).
- To convert into Imaris' proprietary file type (.ims) using the Imaris File Converter, open the Imaris File Converter in a separate window. Click on and drag the .sld files into the " input" section of the Imaris File Converter.
- Determine the desired output location for the converted files, and click on "Start all."
- After conversion, view and annotate the data in the Imaris software.
NOTE: Alternatives for image analysis can be used in place of Imaris, such as Fiji (https://hpc.nih.gov/apps/Fiji.html), Aivia (https://www.aivia-software.com/), Volocity (https://www.volocity4d.com/), or others.
- Retain as much of the original data as possible for proper record-keeping. For example, if the acquisition software is saved in one file format but is converted to a different format for analysis, retain the acquired version of the data.
- For data analysis, maintain a record of as many details as possible about the sample and acquisition settings. Key information to retain includes the genotype of the dissected larvae, the age of the larvae prior to dissection, the state of the meal cap they were reared in, the laser power used during imaging, the exposure time, the length of acquisition, and the temporal resolution.
7. Example quantification of cell cycle length (Figure 5)
NOTE: in this example, larvae expressing the polarity marker Pins (Pins::EGFP16) and the microtubule-binding protein Jupiter25 (cherry::Jupiter13) were imaged. The subsequent analysis was performed using Imaris software.
- Open the movie using the image analysis software of choice. Scroll through the length of the movie to identify dividing NBs, and label them for future reference. Identify the dividing NBs by their distinct mitotic spindles (Figure 5C-E).
- Identify a reference cell cycle stage to determine the cell cycle length. In this example, metaphase is used as a reference.
- Manually determine the number of frames between successive metaphases, and convert it to minutes or hours to determine the time taken to complete one cell cycle.
- Do this by taking the temporal resolution of the movie and multiplying it by the number of frames between metaphases. For example, if the temporal resolution of the movie is one frame every 5 min, and metaphases are observed in frame 13 and frame 35, the time between these metaphases would be 110 min ([35 − 13] × 5).
- Plot the data with any appropriate software. The data shown here were plotted using PRISM software.
8. Example quantification of cell spindle alignment (Figure 5)
NOTE: In this example, the analysis is performed using Imaris software.
- Open the movie file in Imaris or another software of choice. Scroll through the length of the movie to identify dividing NBs, and label them for future reference.
- Determine the vector formed by the spindle poles using the apical and basal centrosomes (represented by m), as follows:
where Ax, Ay, and Az are the coordinates of the apical centrosome, and Bx, By, and Bz are the coordinates of the basal centrosome. Similarly, the axis of the division vector (represented by n) is formed by the midpoint of the apical Pins::EGFP crescent and the basal cortex:
where Ax, Ay, and Az are the coordinates of the midpoint of the Pins::EGFP crescent, and Bx, By, and Bz are the coordinates of the midpoint of the basal cortex. - Determine the magnitude of the vectors m and n:
Magnitude of m:
Magnitude of n:
- Determine the dot product (represented by k) of m and n:
- Using the dot product k and vector magnitudes m and n, determine the angle between the vectors:
- Plot the data in the software of choice. The data shown here were prepared in Microsoft Excel and visualized in PRISM.
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Representative Results
Dissection and imaging of central brain lobe NBs expressing Pins::EGFP and Cherry::Jupiter
To showcase this protocol, larvae expressing UAS-driven Cherry::Jupiter13 and endogenously tagged Pins::EGFP16 (w; worGal4, UAS-cherry::jupiter/CyO; Pins::EGFP/TM6B, Tb) were imaged for 4 h using the described protocol using multi-well imaging slides (Figure 5C,D). Additional data were taken from larvae expressing UAS-driven Cherry::Jupiter13 and endogenously tagged Miranda::EGFP (w; worGal4, UAS-cherry::Zeus/CyO; UAS-Miranda::GFP/TM6B), which were imaged for 10 h using a membrane-bound slide (Figure 5E,F). Larvae were reared in cages as described in section 1 of this protocol. Upon reaching 72-96 h old, the larvae were dissected (Figure 3), mounted (Figure 4), and imaged. For the experiments performed here, a 561 nm laser was used at 10% laser power with 100 ms of exposure time, and a 488 nm laser was used at 15% laser power with 100 ms of exposure time. Z-stacks (41 µm) were acquired with a 1 µm step size. Images were acquired every 5 min at RT on an Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3i) spinning disc confocal system, consisting of a Yokogawa CSU-W1 spinning disc unit and two Prime 95B Scientific CMOS cameras. A 60x/1.4NA oil immersion objective mounted on a Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope was used for imaging. The live imaging voxels were 0.22 µm x 0.22 µm x 0.75 µm (60x/1.4NA spinning disc).
Consistent with previous reports16, the Pins formed a pronounced apical crescent in dividing NBs during mitosis, and the mitotic spindles consistently aligned to this apical crescent (Figure 5C). The cell cycle length was determined by measuring the time between successive metaphases of the individual NBs (Figure 5D,F).
In samples that were imaged on a multi-well imaging slide for 4 h without fat body supplementation, the cell cycle length increased with increasing imaging time (Figure 5C,D). Samples that were imaged in fat body-supplemented medium on a membrane-bound slide did not show an increase in cell cycle length (Figure 5E, F). Furthermore, NBs with four divisions were observed on the 10 h membrane-bound slide (Figure 5D vs. Figure5F).
Lastly, the angle between the division axis and the mitotic spindle was determined using GFP-tagged Pins as a reference (schematic shown in Figure 5G). The division axis was determined by identifying the midpoint of the apical crescent formed by the Pins in mitosis and bisecting the cell in half (Figure 5G, red dashed line). As previously described, the wild-type NBs displayed mitotic spindles that were oriented no more than 30° from the division axis (Loyer and Januschke36 and Figure 5H).
Figure 1: Materials. (A) Dissection microscope. (B) Collection cage containing flies of the desired genotype and a meal cap with growing larvae. (C) Dissection and imaging medium, 5 mL. (D) Meal caps with larvae from three different collections. (E,E') Microdissection tools, from left to right: microdissection scissors, forceps. (F,F') Dissection dish. (G) An 8-welled µ-slide for imaging the samples. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Example meal caps. (A) Two vials with male and female flies to be crossed, an empty embryo collection cage, and a fresh meal cap. (B) The bottom of the embryo collection cage with the new meal cap (left) and the top of the cage with flies (right). (C) The fully assembled fly cage. (D) An example of a well-staged meal cap with larvae for dissection. Note that the food is disturbed by the larvae, but not over-disturbed. (E,F) Two examples of 4 day old, overcrowded meal caps. Note that that food now has a soup-like consistency to it. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Dissection. (A) Dorsal view of a third instar larva. The red line on the posterior end of the larva denotes where the first cut should be made. (B) Dorsal view of the larva after removing the posterior end. (C) Diagram showing how to invert the larva. Using one set of forceps, hold the larva by the cuticle near where the first cut was made. Using the other forceps, press into the anterior end of the larva to invert. The black arrows denote the direction of the forceps, with one "pushing into" the larvae from the anterior side and the other moving the cut posterior end towards the anterior end. The smaller red arrow denotes a cartoon of fat bodies. (D) View of an inverted larva with the fat bodies and digestive tract still attached. (E) View of an inverted larva with the non-CNS tissue removed. The red dashed line outlines the still-attached brain. (F) Schematic showing how to remove the brain from the cuticle. The red dashed line indicates the path to cut with microdissection scissors to release the brain from the inverted cuticle, and the black arrows denote the removal of the brain from the cuticle. (G) A view of the inverted brain that is still attached to the cuticle by a small number of axonal connections under the ventral nerve cord (VNC). (H) An isolated larval brain. The brain lobes are outlined with dashed orange lines. (I) Isolated fat bodies. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 4: Mounting and imaging. (A) View of the components for assembling a membrane-bound metal slide. (B) Schematic of the components of the membrane-bound slide and their assembly. (C) Side view of the membrane inserted into the metal slide, held in place by the split metal ring. (D) Top view of the assembled imaging slide without a coverslip. The dissection and imaging medium containing fat bodies and dissected brains has been placed onto the membrane. (E) Zoomed-in view of the fat bodies and brains in the drop of medium. (F) Top view of the metal slide after adding the glass coverslip. (G) Top view of the assembled slide with the glass coverslip fixed to the slide with melted petroleum jelly. Covering the edges of the coverslip with petroleum jelly also prevents evaporation of the medium. (H) Schematic of the assembled membrane slide with brains oriented for observation on an inverted microscope. The blue circles denote NBs in the central brain lobes and VNC. (I) View of an empty multi-well slide. (J) Zoomed-in view of one well of the multi-well imaging slide. (K) Schematic showing the brain orientation for imaging the central brain lobes on an inverted microscope with a multi-well slide. The blue circles denote NBs in the central brain lobes and VNC. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 5: Quantification of the cell cycle length. (A) Diagram of a third instar larval brain, highlighting the brain lobes, the optic lobe (OL, dark gray), the ventral nerve cord (VNC), NBs (dark blue), GMCs (light blue), and neurons (purple) within the central brain lobes and VNC. (B) Schematic of NB and GMC divisions. (C) Image series of a wild-type NB with microtubules labeled in white (MTs, UAS-Cherry::Jupiter) and apical Pins (Pins::EGFP in green) imaged in a multi-well slide without fat body supplementation for 4 h. Merged images and the corresponding lineage tree with cell cycle timing are shown below. Scale bar = 10 µm. (D) Quantification of the cell cycle length (metaphase - metaphase) for the first, second, and third divisions in samples imaged on a multi-well slide without fat bodies.(E) Image series of a wild-type NB with microtubules labeled in white (MTs, UAS-Cherry::Jupiter) imaged with a membrane-bound slide with fat body supplementation for 10 h with the corresponding lineage tree and cell cycle timing shown below. Scale bar = 10 µm. (F) Quantification of cell cycle length (metaphase - metaphase) for the first, second, third, and fourth divisions in samples imaged on a membrane-bound slide with fat bodies. (G) Schematic of how the angle between the spindle axis (orange dashed line) and division axis (θ, red dashed line) was determined. (H) Quantification of θ from 10 cells imaged using a multi-well slide without fat bodies. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
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Discussion
This protocol outlines one approach for the imaging of live explant brains from Drosophila melanogaster larvae. The protocol described here allows for explant brains to be observed for 12-20 h under the right experimental conditions. Special consideration must be given to the preparation of samples and the design of the desired experiments. As mentioned above, one of the most critical factors that determines the quality of the dissected tissue is the health of the larvae. To achieve the highest quality possible, one must ensure that larvae are well-fed before collection. Unhealthy larvae most commonly originate from overcrowding. To address this, one must ensure that overcrowding is minimized, either by increasing the frequency of harvest or by splitting dishes with freshly laid eggs with an empty dish.
Another critical element of this protocol is the method of dissection to isolate the brain tissue. The brain and the NBs within them are extremely sensitive to outside factors, such as the temperature of the dissection medium and the invasiveness of the dissection itself. Medium that is too cold will tend to depolymerize the microtubules. Similarly, a dissection that stretches or ruptures the brain will have detrimental effects on the quality of the NBs. To prevent this, one should avoid pulling on the brain tissue directly and instead anchor the dissection tools on the cuticle or other tissue. Microdissection scissors greatly assist in this regard, as they minimally pull on the brain tissue. If scissors are not available, tweezers can be used to carefully remove the connecting tissue between the ventral nerve cord and the cuticle.
This protocol presents two methods to mount larval brains for confocal microscopy. From a technical standpoint, mounting samples in a multi-well slide is simpler than mounting on a membrane-bound slide. However, each method is best suited for different types of experiments. The data shown here demonstrate that for shorter movies (i.e., less than 4 h) or movies with high temporal resolution (i.e., acquiring a z-stack every 10 s), imaging in a multi-well slide is sufficient to observe multiple divisions in the larval central brain. For longer acquisition windows, mounting on a membrane-bound slide is ideal, as samples prepared this way divide more frequently throughout the movie. Normally, wild-type larval NBs divide once every 40-90 min13. Although multi-well slides can be used for long (> 4 h) movies, an increase in the cell cycle length and a decrease in proliferating NBs has been observed in this condition (Figure 5D). Therefore, the method used to mount samples and the type of data to be measured must be considered when designing experiments.
This protocol recommends imaging multiple brains in one well or slide, as this increases the efficiency of data collection for any given experiment. However, the orientation and placement of the brains within the well will affect how much shifting occurs throughout the movie due to the stage moving between brain positions. Clustering the brains together in one centralized spot in a well minimizes this issue. However, some shifting may occur over the course of longer movies in experiments using multi-well slides. In many cases, the shifting observed in these longer movies is minimal and can be corrected during analysis. Brain movement is also preventable by using a metal slide setup because the capillary forces prevent the dissected brains from shifting.
With a multi-well slide, it is technically possible to perform multi-well imaging experiments. However, this requires adjustments in the stack size and temporal resolution to account for the extra time spent by the microscope moving between positions. This may be beneficial for large-scale genetic screening experiments, where one may image multiple genotypes in different wells.
There are instances where brains will display little or no dividing NBs over the course of an experiment. This is likely due to several factors that depend on the nature of the sample being imaged, the quality of the food used to rear the larvae, the quality of the dissection, and the acquisition settings used to generate the data. Although it is advisable to remove as much tissue as possible when preparing larval brains for imaging, it is ill-advised to over-prune the brain to minimize mechanical stress, as this may negatively impact the quality of the data. Additionally, frequent exposure to powerful imaging lasers will negatively impact the neuroblast health. Thus, one should consider adjusting the laser power, exposure time, and imaging frequency when collecting the imaging data.
For mounting samples, alternative methods may be used. For instance, explant brains can be mounted in a solid matrix37. The availability of different mounting protocols provides an opportunity to image larval brain explants on a wide variety of microscopes.
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Disclosures
The authors have no financial disclosures to declare.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by R35GM148160 (C. C.) and a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Training Grant T32 GM007270 (R. C. S)
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 0.22 µm polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane | Genesee | 25-231 | Vacuum-driven filters |
| Agar | Genesee | 20-248 | granulated agar |
| Analytical Computer | Dell | NA | Intel Xeon Gold 5222 CPU with two 3.80 GHz processors running Windows 10 on a 64-bit operating system |
| Bovine Growth Serum | HyClone | SH30541.02 | |
| Chambered Imaging Slides | Ibidi | 80826 | |
| Confocal Microscope | Nikon | NA | |
| Custom-machined metal slide | NA | NA | See Cabernard and Doe 2013 (Ref. 34) for specifications |
| Dissection Dishes | Fisher Scientific | 5024343 | 3-well porcelain micro spot plate |
| Dissection Forceps | World Precision Instruments | Dumont #5 | |
| Dissection Microscope | Leica | NA | |
| Dissection Scissors | Fine Science Tools (FST) | 15003-08 | |
| Embryo collection cage | Genesee | 59-100 | |
| Flypad with access to CO2 to anesthetize adult flies | Genesee | 59-172 | |
| Gas-permeable membrane | YSI | 98095 | Gas-permeable membrane |
| Glass Cover Slides | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 72204-03 | # 1.5; 22 mm x 40 mm glass coverslips |
| Imaris | Oxford Instruments | NA | Alternatives: Fiji, Volocity, Aivia |
| Imaris File Converter | Oxford Instruments | NA | |
| Instant Yeast | Saf-Instant | NA | |
| Molasses | Genesee | 62-117 | |
| Petri dish | Greiner Bio-One | 628161 | 60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish |
| Petroleum Jelly | Vaseline | NA | |
| Schneider's Insect Medium with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate liquid | Millipore Sigma | S0146 | |
| SlideBook acquisition software | 3i | NA | |
| Vacuum-Driven Filtration Unit with a 0.22 µµm PES membrane filter | Genesee Scientific, GenClone | 25-231 |
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