マウス骨格筋におけるDNA損傷の検出と分析<em>その場で</em> TUNEL法を用いた
Summary
This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method for semi-automated analysis of TUNEL labeling.
Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently attach a tagged form of dUTP to 3’ ends of double- and single-stranded DNA breaks in cells. It is a reliable and useful method to detect DNA damage and cell death in situ. This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method of semi-automated TUNEL signal quantitation. Inherent normal tissue features and tissue processing conditions affect the ability of the TdT enzyme to efficiently label DNA. Tissue processing may also add undesirable autofluorescence that will interfere with TUNEL signal detection. Therefore, it is important to empirically determine tissue processing and TUNEL labeling methods that will yield the optimal signal-to-noise ratio for subsequent quantitation. The fluorescence-based assay described here provides a way to exclude autofluorescent signal by digital channel subtraction. The TUNEL assay, used with appropriate tissue processing techniques and controls, is a relatively fast, reproducible, quantitative method for detecting apoptosis in tissue. It can be used to confirm DNA damage and apoptosis as pathological mechanisms, to identify affected cell types, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in vivo.
Introduction
ターミナルデオキシヌクレオチジルトランスフェラーゼ（TdT）dUTPニック末端標識（TUNEL）は12,23を破る二本鎖及び一本鎖DNAの3 '末端へのdUTPを付加するTdT酵素を使用するプロセスである。アポトーシスとDNA損傷を検出するためのTUNEL法は、最初にGavrieli らによって20年以上前に報告された。1,12,24。それ以来異なる組織標本7,23,27,40で評価し、最適化されています。 TUNELは、虚血誘導性のニューロン6,14,29及び心筋43,44の細胞死、興奮毒性神経細胞死30,31、および関節炎の治療39においてバイオマーカーとしての研究に使用されている。また、様々なヒト癌において予後因子および腫瘍細胞マーカーとして使用されてきた2,3,15,32,37,38,42。
代替的な方法は、DNA損傷および細胞死の検出のために存在するが、それらは技術的な課題と警告している。サザンブロッティングはquantifするために使用することができるYのDNA全組織溶解物における損傷7,9-11が、この方法は、細胞のレベルの分解能を提供し、定量化が困難であるされません。コメットアッセイは、細胞4,20,28,36から保存核を抽出する必要が別の細胞に基づいた方法である。コメットアッセイは、培養された単離された細胞にうまく機能するが、それは、骨格筋組織8,21から無傷の核を調製するためにはるかに困難である。サザンブロットと同様に、コメットアッセイは、全筋肉組織ホモジネートからの細胞型特異的な情報を提供しない。 TUNEL法の別の方法としては、一本鎖DNA 25,33,41に対して、又はDNA損傷応答及び細胞死経路（ 例えば、p53は、H2AX、カスパーゼ）13,17,22,40に関与するタンパク質に対する抗体を用いた免疫組織化学である。このような抗体ベースの方法は、高いシグナル対バックグラウンド比を得るために、抗体の完全な特徴付けおよび優れた抗体の特異性を必要とする。場合であってもスペックIFIC抗体は、抗原回復手順34,35を介して標的タンパク質の変性を必要とすることが、存在する。私たちはここで議論したように、容認できないほど高い自己蛍光における筋肉組織結果の抗原検索。代替方法とは異なり、TUNEL、高い信号及び低いバックグラウンドを有するDNA損傷の検出、単純陽性および陰性対照を用いて試験することができる優れた特異性、抗原回復、および細胞レベルの分解能を必要としない、良好な組織浸透を達成する。代替の方法は、通常、一晩のインキュベーションを必要とするのに対し、また、TUNEL法は、完了するのに約4時間かかります。
我々は謝-Liおよび同僚16によって生成された脊髄性筋萎縮症（SMA）10のマウスモデルにおける骨格筋細胞死を研究する。筋肉におけるアポトーシス細胞を定量するために、我々は、異なるskeleにわたってロバスト働く組織調製、染色、および定量化の方法を開発したマウスでの異なる発生時点での境筋肉群。我々は、市販のTUNEL標識キットと市販の画像解析ソフトウェアを使用。また、正常に脊髄10で免疫蛍光染色と組み合わせて、TUNELアッセイを使用している。
ここに記載される方法は、骨格筋における組織病理学、疾患のメカニズム、老化のメカニズム、および発生（前および出生後）、細胞死を評価する研究者のために有用である。 TUNEL法は、細胞のサブセットのみが、影響を受けた細胞レベルの分解能が必要であるモデル系におけるDNA損傷および修復および細胞死の研究のために特に有用である。
このビデオでは、解剖、組織の処理、切片、およびマウス骨格筋の蛍光ベースのTUNEL標識を説明しています。また、半自動TUNEL信号定量する方法を記載する。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
マウス骨格筋におけるDNA損傷に関連するアポトーシスを検出し、定量的に分析する方法について説明する。手順は、組織採取、TUNEL染色、デジタル画像取得および画像解析を含む。一般的な組織学的部品やツールが必要であり、特別な商業TUNELキットが必要です。必要とされる必須の大きな装置品目はクライオスタット、デジタル画像機能を有する落射蛍光顕微鏡および画像解析のためのコン…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH-NINDS grant RO1-NS065895 and NIH-NINDS grant 5-F31-NS076250-02.
We thank JHU SOM Microscope Facility for the use of the cryostat.
Materials
| Name of Reagent/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| 4% Paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 19202 | For procedures described here, 4% solution was prepared fresh from powder. Paraformaldehyde from any supplier may be used. Prepared formaldehyde solution should be stored at 4 °C and should not be used after its expiration date (up to several months). Paraformaldehyde is a carcinogen and a toxin by inhalation and skin contact. Please follow precautions specified in the MSDS when handling paraformaldehyde. |
| Sucrose | Sigma | S0389 | Used for cryoprotecting tissue before freezing. Sucrose from any supplier may be used. |
| O.C.T. compound | Tissue-Tek | 4583 | Embedding medium for cryosectioning. |
| Cryostat | Leica | CM 3050S | A Leica CM3050S cryostat was used for the preparations described here. Any cryostat capable of cutting 10 μm sections may be used. |
| Glass slides, 25 x 75 x 1 mm | Fisher | 12-552-3 | Slides from any supplier may be used. |
| Gelatin | Sigma | G-9391 | Gelatin is used to promote tissue section adhesion to glass slides. To coat glass slides with gelatin, dissolve 2.75 g gelatin and 0.275 g chrome alum in 500 mL distilled water, warm to 60 °C, dip slides for several seconds, and let dry. Gelatin from any supplier may be used. Alternatively, gelatin-precoated slides may be purchased. |
| Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate (chrome alum) | Sigma | 243361 | Chrome alum is added to gelatin solution to promote tissue adhesion on glass slides. It is a possible carcinogen and a toxin by inhalation and skin contact. Please follow precautions specified in the MSDS when handling chrome alum. |
| Vectabond tissue adhesion reagent | Vector Labs | SP-1800 | Optional substrate for better tissue adhesion to glass slides; gellatin-coated slides may be used instead. |
| Tween20 | Sigma | P9416 | A detergent used to permeabilize tissue. Tween20 from any supplier may be used. |
| Triton X100 | Sigma | T8787 | A detergent used to permeabilize tissue. Triton X100 from any supplier may be used. |
| TACS 2 TdT fluorescein in situ apoptosis detection kit | Trevigen | 4812-30-K | Commercial kit for fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling. |
| DNase/nuclease | Trevigen | 4812-30-K | (included with kit) |
| DNase/nuclease buffer | Trevigen | 4812-30-K | (included with kit) |
| 10x phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 | Amresco | 780 | Make 1x PBS for washes and dilutions. PBS from any supplier may be used. |
| DNase-free water | Quality Biologicals | 351-029-131 | Water from any supplier may be used. |
| Hoechst 33258 | Sigma | 94403 | Nuclear dye. Any blue fluorescent nuclear dye may be used. As a DNA-binding dye, Hoechst is a suspected carcinogen and should be handled with protective equipment to minimize skin contact. |
| Parafilm M | multiple | 807 | Any other hydrophobic film or cover slip may be used. Available from multiple suppliers. |
| Fluorescent microscope with digital camera | – | – | Any fluorescent microscope capable of digitally capturing red, green, and blue fluorescence in separate channels may be used. |
| Vectashield antifade media | Vector Labs | H-1000 | Antifade media from any supplier may be used. |
| glass coverslips, No.1 thickness | Brain Research Labs | 2222-1 | Cover slips from any supplier may be used. The smallest size of 22×22 mm is sufficient for neonatal mouse leg sections. |
| Nail polish | Ted Pella | 114-8 | Used to seal coverslips. Nail polish from any supplier (including regular retailers) may be used. Avoid using nail polish with color or additives that may reflect light during fluorescent imaging. |
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