Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Summary

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Abstract

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs' coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level. 

Introduction

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) represent the first step of olfactory perception. Located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity in rodents, they transform the chemical information of odorants into action potentials sent through their axon to the brain. To better understand the olfactory coding mechanisms, it is necessary to characterize the transduction and membrane properties of OSNs. Until recently, most of the techniques used to characterize the properties of mammalian OSNs were carried out on dissociated OSNs^1-4. The dissociation process uses various mechanical and chemical (i.e., enzymes) processes to free the OSNs from their env....

Protocol

This protocol follows the animal care guidelines of the Université de Bourgogne and was approved by the Université de Bourgogne ethics committee.

1. Animals

1. Use genetically engineered OR-IRES-tauGFP mice available at the Jackson Laboratory. These mice were developed in Dr. Peter Mombaerts’ laboratory in order to analyze axon targeting and development of the olfactory system¹⁹. For example, the MOR23-IRES-tauGFP line, stock number 006643, bears the official strain name B6;129P2-Olfr16^tm2Mom/MomJ; similarly, the SR1-IRES-tauGFP line, stock number 6717 bears the official name ....

Results

The outcome of this protocol depends on the quality of the dissection. This dissection steps must be short (less than 10 to 15 min) and precise (i.e., to avoid damages of the epithelium). The Figure 1 illustrates how an ideal preparation looks like at different magnification levels. At a low magnification under bright field the different cell types (such as knobs of OSNs, supporting cells) are distinguishable (Figure 1A). At the highest magnification level, typically 80X to 160X.......

Discussion

The ability of this protocol to correctly monitor the properties of healthy OSNs depends heavily on the quality of the preparation. Therefore, the dissection steps are critical. First it is critical to pay attention to the quality (pH, osmolarity), oxygenation and temperature (ice-cold but not frozen) of the dissection medium. Second, the manipulation of the epithelium with dissecting tools must be as limited as possible to avoid damages. Finally, it is critical to obtain a preparation as flat as possible in order to acc.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
vibration table with Faraday cage	TMC	63-500 SERIES	required : isolates the recording system from vibrations induced by the environment (movements of experimenter, vibrations of equipment such as fans for cooling computers, etc); can also be purchased with a Faraday cage, or equipped by a custom made Faraday cage; this cage is recommended to avoid electric noise from the environment
optics
microscope	Olympus	BX51WI	upright microcope equipped with epifluorescence; fixed or moving stage depending on the user's preference
objectives	Olympus	LUMPLFL40XW	at least 2 objectives required: a 4X or 10X for coarse approach to the cell; and a 40X immersion long distance example Olympus LUMPLFL40XW / IR /0,8 / WD:3.3 MM
magnifier	Olympus	U-TVCAC	ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED: placed in the light path between the objective and the camera; allows to magnify the image on the screen in order to reach precisely the knob with the recording electrode
camera	Olympus	DP72	a good camera is required to see the neurons in fluorescence as well as in bright field; the controlling software is simple and allows to take pictures and do live camera image to monitor the approach of the electrode to the cell. An ultrasensitive camera is not necessary
filters	Olympus/Chroma		depending on the fluorescent protein used in the mice; example for GFP: excitation : BP460-490: emission: HQ530/50m
amplifier	HEKA	EPC10 USB	monitors the currents flowing through the recording electrode and also controls the puffing by sending a TTL signal to the spritzer; the EPC10 setup is controled by computer
software	HEKA	Patchmaster	controls the amplifier during the experiment
micromanipulator	Sutter	MP225	precision micromanipulator, allows precise movements down to 1/10th of a micrometer; this model is very stable; avoid hydraulic manipulators that may drift
electrode puller	Sutter	P97	with a FT345-B wide trough filament;  to prepare recording pipets of about 2µm diameter with a long tip to reach the cells; the resistance should be 15 to 20Mohm with perforated patch clamp solution
glass	Sutter	BF120-69-10	in our recording conditions, this glass is ideal for recording pipets
recording chamber	Warner Instruments	RC-26G	a chamber is needed to set the preparation under the microscope. To maintain the preparation in the center of the chamber, a net/anchor should be used.
stimulation
glass	WPI	TW100F-4	attached in groups of 7, these pipettes are used to prepare prepulled stimulating pipettes
multibarrel puller	MDI	PMP-107-Z	by association of pull and twist, this puller allows us to prepare puffing electrodes with 7 barrels
precision pressure injector	Toohey Company	P/N T25-1-900 Single Channel	this precision pressure injector  controls the pressure ejected in the multibarrel puller; it is controlled manually or by the amplifier by a 5V  TTLs
micromanipulator	Narishige	YOU-1	a coarse manipulator is enough to bring the puffing electrode close to the recording site
tubings	N/A		tygon tubing to bring the pressure from the puffer to the puffing pipette
solutions/perfusion/chemicals
vacuum pump	gardner denver	300 series	a vibrating membrane pump is more quiet and efficient than other types of pumps
perfusion system	N/A	N/A	gravity perfusion system with polyethlylen tubing to bring in and out the external solution from the recording chamber
nystatin	Sigma-Aldrich	N3503	mandatory to perpare internal solution for perforated patch clamp
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE	Sigma-Aldrich	D5879	used to disolve nystatin for internal solution for perforated patch
Sodium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	S9625	extracellular solution
Potassium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	P4504	intracellular/extracellular solution
Calcium chloride dihydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	C7902	extracellular solution
Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH2PO4)	Sigma-Aldrich	S9638	extracellular solution
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4 7H2O)	Sigma-Aldrich	63140	extracellular solution
Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	G8270	extracellular solution
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma-Aldrich	S6297	extracellular solution
EGTA (Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid)	Sigma-Aldrich	E3889	internal solution
Potassium hydroxyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P1767	internal solution
Methyl Sulfoxide	Sigma-Aldrich	W387509	intracellular solution
Hepes-Na	Sigma-Aldrich	H7006	intracellular solution
Sucrose	Sigma-Aldrich	S0389	intracellular solution