Tracing Gene Expression Through Detection of β-galactosidase Activity in Whole Mouse Embryos

Summary

Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of β-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. This is an easy and quick procedure to monitor gene expression during development that can also be applied to tissue sections, organs or cultured cells.

Abstract

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding β-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. The classical histochemical reaction is based on the hydrolysis of the substrate X-gal in combination with ferric and ferrous ions, which produces an insoluble blue precipitate that is easy to visualize. Therefore, β-galactosidase activity serves as a marker for the expression pattern of the gene of interest as the development proceeds. Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of β-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the subsequent method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. Additionally, a procedure for clarifying whole embryos is provided to better visualize X-gal staining in deeper regions of the embryo. Consistent results are obtained by performing this procedure, although optimization of reaction conditions is needed to minimize background activity. Limitations in the assay should be also considered, particularly regarding the size of the embryo in whole mount staining. Our protocol provides a sensitive and a reliable method for β-galactosidase detection during the mouse development that can be further applied to the cryostat sections as well as whole organs. Thus, the dynamic gene expression patterns throughout development can be easily analyzed by using this protocol in whole embryos, but also detailed expression at the cellular level can be assessed after paraffin sectioning.

Introduction

In order to describe specific gene expression patterns, the use of reporter genes as markers has been paramount from Drosophila to mammals. In experiments involving transgenic and knockout animals, the bacterial β-galactosidase gene (LacZ) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most widely used^1,2,3,4. β-galactosidase (β-gal) catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides (such as lactose) into its monosaccharides (glucose and galactose)⁵. Its most commonly used....

Protocol

All experimental procedures were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the CNIC (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares) and the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid to ensure minimal animal suffering.

1. Collection of Embryos from Pregnant Mice (from E8.5 to E12.5)

1. Sacrifice pregnant mice by either cervical dislocation or CO₂ inhalation. The day of the first observed vaginal plug was considered embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5).
2. Lay the animal in the supine position on the absorbent pad and clean the abdominal skin of the mouse with 70% ethanol.
   NOTE: Sterility is not requ....

Results

Here we show the results from applying the standard protocol for the β-galactosidase histochemical reaction using X-gal as the substrate in whole mouse embryos (Figure 1 and Figure 2). By using this protocol, we examine Membrane type 4-matrix metalloproteinase (Mt4-mmp) expression at different embryonic developmental stages (E9.5, E11.5, and E12.5) using Mt4-mmp mutant mice that express the LacZ reporter under the control of the .......

Discussion

The E. coli LacZ gene has been widely used as a reporter in studies of gene expression patterns because of its high sensitivity and ease of detection. The present protocol describes a classic method for detecting β-gal expression based on an enzymatic reaction that is easy and quick to perform as well as inexpensive. This method can be also applied without major modifications in whole mount embryos, intact organs, cryostat tissue sections or cultured cells.

Accurate application o.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
REAGENTS
2-Propanol	SIGMA-ALDRICH	24137-1L-R
Agarose	SCHARLAU	50004/ LE3Q2014
Aqueous mounting medium	VECTOR LABS	H-5501
Synthetic mounting media	MERCK	100579
96% Ethanol	PROLABO	20824365
99.9% Ethanol absolute	SCHARLAU	ET00021000
50% Glutaraldehyde solution	SIGMA-ALDRICH	G6403-100ml
85% Glycerol	MERCK	104094
99.9% Glycerol	SIGMA-ALDRICH	G5516
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate	SIGMA-ALDRICH	63064
Nonionic surfactant (Nonidet P-40)	SIGMA-ALDRICH	542334
Nuclear Fast Red counterstain	SIGMA-ALDRICH	N3020
Paraffin pastilles	MERCK	111609
Paraformaldehyde	SIGMA-ALDRICH	158127-500g
Phosphate buffered saline (tablets)	SIGMA-ALDRICH	P4417-50TAB
Potassium ferrocyanate	MERCK	1049840500
Potassium ferrocyanide	MERCK	1049731000
Sodium azide	SIGMA-ALDRICH	S8032
Sodium deoxycholate	SIGMA-ALDRICH	30970
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate	SIGMA-ALDRICH	106346
Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate	SIGMA-ALDRICH	71638
Thymol	SIGMA-ALDRICH	T0501
Tris hydrochloride (Tris HCl)	SIGMA-ALDRICH	10812846001 (Roche)
X-GAL	VENN NOVA	R-0004-1000
Xylene	VWR CHEMICALS	VWRC28973.363
EQUIPMENT
Disposable plastic cryomolds 15x15x5 mm	SAKURA	4566
Rotatory Microtome	Leica	RM2235
Cassettes	Oxford Trade	OT-10-9046
Microscope Cover Glasses 24x60 mm	VWR	ECN631-1575
Microscope slides	Thermo Scientific, MENZEL-GLÄSER	AGAA000001#12E
Adhesion microscope slides	Thermo Scientific, MENZEL-GLÄSER	J1820AMNZ
Flotation Water bath	Leica	HI1210
Disposable Low Profile Microtome Blades	Feather	UDM-R35
Paraffin oven	J.R. SELECTA	2000205
Wax Paraffin dispenser	J.R. SELECTA	4000490
Stereomicroscope	Leica	DM500
Polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes 2.0 mL	SIGMA-ALDRICH	T2795
Polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes 1.5 mL	SIGMA-ALDRICH	T9661
Orbital shaker	IKA Labortechnik	HS250 BASIC
Stirring Hot Plate	Bibby	HB502
Vortex Shaker	IKA Labortechnik	MS1
Laboratory scale	GRAM	FH-2000
Precision scale	Sartorius	ISO9001
pHmeter	Crison	Basic 20
Optic fiber	Optech	PL2000