Fabrication and Implementation of a Reference-Free Traction Force Microscopy Platform

Summary

This protocol provides instructions for implementing multiphoton lithography to fabricate three-dimensional arrays of fluorescent fiducial markers embedded in poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels for use as reference-free, traction force microscopy platforms. Using these instructions, measurement of 3D material strain and calculation of cellular tractions is simplified to promote high-throughput traction force measurements.

Abstract

Quantifying cell-induced material deformation provides useful information concerning how cells sense and respond to the physical properties of their microenvironment. While many approaches exist for measuring cell-induced material strain, here we provide a methodology for monitoring strain with sub-micron resolution in a reference-free manner. Using a two-photon activated photolithographic patterning process, we demonstrate how to generate mechanically and bio-actively tunable synthetic substrates containing embedded arrays of fluorescent fiducial markers to easily measure three-dimensional (3D) material deformation profiles in response to surface tractions. Using these substrates, cell tension profiles can be mapped using a single 3D image stack of a cell of interest. Our goal with this methodology is to make traction force microscopy a more accessible and easier to implement tool for researchers studying cellular mechanotransduction processes, especially newcomers to the field.

Introduction

Traction force microscopy (TFM) is the process of approximating cellular tractions using interpolated displacement fields of fiducial markers generated by an adherent and contractile cell. Using TFM, the influence of mechanical cues in the extracellular environment on important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration can be investigated^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,}

Protocol

1. Photopolymerizing a PEGDA base hydrogel

1. Gathering Reagents
   1. Collect lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP), 3.4 kDa poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), n-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), AlexaFluor 488 labeled PEGDA (PEG-488), AlexaFluor 633 labeled PEGDA (PEG-633), and PEGylated RGDS peptide (PEG-RGDS) from their respective freezers and bring each to room temperature.
   2. In separate amber microcentrifuge tubes, measure 3 mg of LAP, 10 mg of PEGDA, 5 mg of PEG-488, 20 mg of PEG-633, and 6 mg of RGDS peptide.
2. Preparation of the Pre-Polymer Solution
   1. Diss....

Results

Throughout the protocol, there are a number of checkpoints providing feedback to assess the quality of the patterning procedure. To provide some insight concerning how to assess progress at each of these checkpoints, we provide representative results of an actual experiment. The results highlight the application of this protocol performed on a photopatterned hydrogel prepared for TFM analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results include raw image data as well as processed data outputs at each c.......

Discussion

The goal of this protocol is to provide a workflow that alleviates much of the difficulty associated with the generation and analysis of TFM data. Once prepared, the photopatterned hydrogels are simple to use, requiring only knowledge of standard tissue culture practices and fluorescence microscopy. The reference-free aspect enables carefree navigation on cell-laden hydrogels and eliminates cumbersome image processing steps such as image registration between reference and deformed images. The resulting analysis is nearly.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acrodisc Syringe Filter, 0.2 μm Supor Membrane, Low Protein Binding	Pall	PN 4602	Allows for filtering of macromer solutions prior to base gel synthesis and subsequent lithography steps.
Acrylate-Silane Functionalized #1.5 Coverslips	in-house	in-house	Acrylates allow binding of base hydrogel to the glass surface to immobilize the hydrogels. See reference: 21-24
Axio-Observer Z1 w/Apotome	Zeiss		Widefield microscope with structured illumination module used to capture images for TFM.
Chameleon Vision ii	Coherent Inc.		Equipped on laser-scanning microscope used for multiphoton Lithography.
Double Coated Tape, 9500PC, 6.0 mil	3M		Binds acrylate-silane functionalized coverslips to Petri dishes.
Flexmark90 PFW Liner	FLEXcon	FLX000620	Allows lining of double coated tape enabling feeding of tape into plotter.
LSM-880	Zeiss		Laser-Scanning microscope used for Multiphoton Lithography.
MATLAB	Mathworks	R2018a	Runs custom scripts to generate lithography instructions for microscope and for analysis of TFM data.
Model SC Plotter	USCutter	SC631E	Cuts double coated tape into rings to bind coverslips to petri dishes.
Objective C-Apochromat 40x/1.20 W Corr M27	Zeiss		Equipped on both widefield microscope and laser-scanning microscope to be used for both lithography and TFM.
PEG-AF633	in-house	in-house	Fluorophore-labeled acrylate PEG variant for creating fiducial markers. See reference: 21
PEG-DA	in-house	in-house	Base material for hydrogels. See reference: 21
PEG-RGDS	in-house	in-house	RGDS peptide-labeled mono-acrylate PEG variant for promoting cell-adhesion. See reference: 21
Petri Dishes	CELLTREAT	229638	8mm holes are cut into the center of each dish using a coring bit to fit base hydrogels.
Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit	Dow Corning	3097358-1004	For creating spacers to control base hydrogel thickness (aka PDMS).
Syringe, Leur-Lok, 1 mL	BD	309628	Allows for filtering of macromer solutions prior to base gel synthesis and subsequent lithography steps.
UV Lamp	UVP	Blak-Ray® B-100AP	Polymerizes base hydrogel.
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP)	Sigma-Aldrich	V3409-5G	Radical accelerant and co-monomer. Improves pegylated fluorophore incorporation during lithography.