वंश Zebrafish कक्ष लेजर Uncagable fluorescein Dextran के साथ लेबल
Summary
इस प्रोटोकॉल लेबल और बंदी fluorescein के uncaging यूवी, पूरे uncaged fluorescein से संकेत बढ़ाना immunolabeling माउंट द्वारा पीछा का उपयोग कोशिकाओं zebrafish भ्रूण के छोटे समूहों के भाग्य का पता लगाने के लिए रास्ता रूपरेखा बनाती है.
Abstract
A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated precursors. Researchers have employed various methods of lineage labeling, such as DiI labeling1 and pressure injection of traceable enzymes2 to ascertain cell fate at later stages of development in model systems. The first fate maps in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assembled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, into single cells in discrete regions of the embryo and tracing the labeled cell’s fate over time3-5. While effective, these methods are technically demanding and require specialized equipment not commonly found in zebrafish labs. Recently, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins, such as Eos and Kaede, which irreversibly switch from green to red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, are seeing increased use in zebrafish6-8. The optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo and the relative ease of transgenesis have made these particularily attractive tools for lineage labeling and to observe the migration of cells in vivo7. Despite their utility, these proteins have some disadvantages compared to dye-mediated lineage labeling methods. The most crucial is the difficulty we have found in obtaining high 3-D resolution during photoconversion of these proteins. In this light, perhaps the best combination of resolution and ease of use for lineage labeling in zebrafish makes use of caged fluorescein dextran, a fluorescent dye that is bound to a quenching group that masks its fluorescence9. The dye can then be “uncaged” (released from the quenching group) within a specific cell using UV light from a laser or mercury lamp, allowing visualization of its fluorescence or immunodetection. Unlike iontophoretic methods, caged fluorescein can be injected with standard injection apparatuses and uncaged with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a pinhole10. In addition, antibodies against fluorescein detect only the uncaged form, and the epitope survives fixation well11. Finally, caged fluorescein can be activated with very high 3-D resolution, especially if two-photon microscopy is employed 12,13. This protocol describes a method of lineage labeling by caged fluorescein and laser uncaging. Subsequenctly, uncaged fluorescein is detected simultaneously with other epitopes such as GFP by labeling with antibodies.
Protocol
Discussion
इस प्रोटोकॉल के रूप में वर्णित है, zebrafish में एक अपेक्षाकृत जल्दी वंश लेबलिंग तरीका है कि microinjection, माइक्रोस्कोपी, और immunofluorescence का आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल की तकनीक पर बनाया गया है प्रदान करता है. हमने पाया है कि लेजर के…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
हम दान कार्लिन बंदी fluorescein बनाने में मदद के लिए धन्यवाद करना चाहते हैं. इसके अलावा हम निम्नलिखित वित्तपोषण स्रोतों का धन्यवाद करना चाहते हैं: JAC Vanderbilt विकासात्मक जीवविज्ञान प्रशिक्षण अनुदान के लिए विश्वविद्यालय के मेडिकल स्कूल कार्यक्रम, और NIH HD054534to JTG.
Materials
| Material Name | Type | Company | Catalogue Number | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMNB-caged fluorescein SE | Invitrogen | C20050 | ||
| Aminodextran, 10kDa | Invitrogen | D1860 | ||
| Zeba desalt spin columns | Pierce | 89889 | ||
| goat anti-fluorescein antibody | Invitrogen | A11095 | ||
| Alexa Fluor 633 Donkey anti-goat antibody | Invitrogen | A21082 | ||
| 35mmx10mm petri dishes | Becton-Dickinson | 351008 | ||
| Upright compound microscope with 40x water immersion objective | Leica | DM6000B | ||
| MicroPoint Manual Laser Illumination System | Photonic Instruments | |||
| Phenylthiourea (PTU) | Alfa Aesar | L06690 | ||
| Tricaine | Sigma | E10521 | ||
| Proteinase K | Roche | 03115836991 | ||
| Plastic thread | Any sewing supply store | |||
| Agarose | Research Products International | A20090 | ||
| SpeedVac | Thermo Scientific | Savant SPD131DDA | ||
| Vortexing mixer | VWR | Vortex Genie 2 | ||
| Pressure injector | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MPPI-3 |
References
- Hatada, Y., Stern, C. D. A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo. Development. 120, 2879-2889 (1994).
- Moody, S. A. Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo. Dev Biol. 122, 300-319 (1987).
- Wetts, R., Fraser, S. E. Multipotent Precursors Can Give Rise to All Major Cell-Types of the Frog Retina. Science. 239, 1142-1145 (1988).
- Wetts, R., Fraser, S. E. Microinjection of fluorescent tracers to study neural cell lineages. Development. , 1-8 (1991).
- Woo, K., Fraser, S. E. Order and coherence in the fate map of the zebrafish nervous system. Development. 121, 2595-2609 (1995).
- Ando, R., Hama, H., Yamamoto-Hino, M., Mizuno, H., Miyawaki, A. An optical marker based on the UV-induced green-to-red photoconversion of a fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99, 12651-12656 (2002).
- Sato, T., Takahoko, M., Okamoto, H. HuC:Kaede, a useful tool to label neural morphologies in networks in vivo. Genesis. 44, 136-142 (2006).
- Wiedenmann, J. EosFP, a fluorescent marker protein with UV-inducible green-to-red fluorescence conversion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 15905-15910 (2004).
- Haugland, R. P. . Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals. , 707-711 (2002).
- Kozlowski, D. J., Murakami, T., Ho, R. K., Weinberg, E. S. Regional cell movement and tissue patterning in the zebrafish embryo revealed by fate mapping with caged fluorescein. Biochem Cell Biol. 75, 551-562 (1997).
- Kozlowski, D. J., Weinberg, E. S. Photoactivatable (caged) fluorescein as a cell tracer for fate mapping in the zebrafish embryo. Methods Mol Biol. 135, 349-355 (2000).
- Russek-Blum, N., Nabel-Rosen, H., Levkowitz, G. High resolution fate map of the zebrafish diencephalon. Dev Dyn. 238, 1827-1835 (2009).
- Summers, R. G., Piston, D. W., Harris, K. M., Morrill, J. B. The orientation of first cleavage in the sea urchin embryo, Lytechinus variegatus, does not specify the axes of bilateral symmetry. Dev Biol. 175, 177-183 (1996).
