Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

Summary

To study the mutualism between Xenorhabdus bacteria and Steinernema nematodes, methods were developed to monitor bacterial presence and location within nematodes. The experimental approach, which can be applied to other systems, entails engineering bacteria to express the green fluorescent protein and visualizing, using fluorescence microscopy bacteria within the transparent nematode.

Abstract

Symbioses, the living together of two or more organisms, are widespread throughout all kingdoms of life. As two of the most ubiquitous organisms on earth, nematodes and bacteria form a wide array of symbiotic associations that range from beneficial to pathogenic ^1-3. One such association is the mutually beneficial relationship between Xenorhabdus bacteria and Steinernema nematodes, which has emerged as a model system of symbiosis ⁴. Steinernema nematodes are entomopathogenic, using their bacterial symbiont to kill insects ⁵. For transmission between insect hosts, the bacteria colonize the intestine of the nematode's infective juvenile stage ^6-8. Recently, several other nematode species have been shown to utilize bacteria to kill insects ^9-13, and investigations have begun examining the interactions between the nematodes and bacteria in these systems ⁹.

We describe a method for visualization of a bacterial symbiont within or on a nematode host, taking advantage of the optical transparency of nematodes when viewed by microscopy. The bacteria are engineered to express a fluorescent protein, allowing their visualization by fluorescence microscopy. Many plasmids are available that carry genes encoding proteins that fluoresce at different wavelengths (i.e. green or red), and conjugation of plasmids from a donor Escherichia coli strain into a recipient bacterial symbiont is successful for a broad range of bacteria. The methods described were developed to investigate the association between Steinernema carpocapsae and Xenorhabdus nematophila ¹⁴. Similar methods have been used to investigate other nematode-bacterium associations ^9,15-18and the approach therefore is generally applicable.

The method allows characterization of bacterial presence and localization within nematodes at different stages of development, providing insights into the nature of the association and the process of colonization ^14,16,19. Microscopic analysis reveals both colonization frequency within a population and localization of bacteria to host tissues ^14,16,19-21. This is an advantage over other methods of monitoring bacteria within nematode populations, such as sonication ²²or grinding ²³, which can provide average levels of colonization, but may not, for example, discriminate populations with a high frequency of low symbiont loads from populations with a low frequency of high symbiont loads. Discriminating the frequency and load of colonizing bacteria can be especially important when screening or characterizing bacterial mutants for colonization phenotypes ^21,24. Indeed, fluorescence microscopy has been used in high throughput screening of bacterial mutants for defects in colonization ^17,18, and is less laborious than other methods, including sonication ^22,25-27and individual nematode dissection ^28,29.

Protocol

1. Construction of a Fluorescent Bacterial Strain via Conjugation

1. Grow the recipient strain (symbiont to be examined) and donor strain overnight. The donor strain, usually Escherichia coli, should be capable of donating DNA through conjugation and should be transformed with a plasmid (Table 2) that carries a gene encoding a fluorescent protein. Depending on the plasmid, a conjugation helper strain may also be required. If so, this strain should also be grown overnight. The donor strain and helper strain should be grown with antibiotics to select for maintenance of the plasmid.
2. Subculture the donor, helper, and recipient ....

Discussion

The protocol described here provides a method for the optical detection of bacteria within a nematode host (Figure 1). This method takes advantage of the optical transparency of nematodes and the ability to fluorescently label bacteria, enabling in vivo analysis of bacteria within the nematode host (Figure 3). Specifically, this approach identifies bacterial localization within its host. By counting a nematode population and scoring for bacterial presence, the frequency of bacte.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Lipid Agar (sterile)			8 grams nutrient broth, 15 grams agar, 5 grams yeast extract, 890 ml water, 10 ml 0.2 g/ml MgCl2. 6H20, 96 ml corn syrup solution*, 4 ml corn oil* Stir media while pouring plates *add sterile ingredient after autoclaving
Corn Syrup Solution (sterile)			7 ml corn syrup, 89 ml water mix and autoclave
Egg Solution			16.6 ml 12% sodium hypochlorite, 5 ml 5M KOH, 80 ml water
Lysogeny Broth (sterile)			5 grams yeast extract, 10 grams tryptone, 5 grams salt, 1 L water mix and autoclave
Microfuge	Fisher	13-100-675	Any microfuge that holds microfuge tubes will work
Centrifuge	Beckman	366802	Large table top centrifuge that holds 15 ml and 50 ml conical tubes
Sterile 60 mm X 15 mm Petri Dish	Fisher	0875713
50 ml centrifuge tubes	Fisher	05-539-6
15 ml centrifuge tubes	Fisher	05-531-6
Sterile 100 mm X 20 mm Petri Dish	Fisher	0875711Z	Deeper than standard Petri dishes
24-well plate	Greiner Bio-One	662000-06
Microscope			The microscope needs florescent capabilities compatible with your fluorophore
Paraformaldehyde	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15710
PBS (sterile)			8 g NaCL 0.2 g KCL 1.44 g Na2HPO4 0.24 g KH2PO4 1 L water Adjust to a pH of 7.4 and water to 1 L and autoclave
Microfuge tubes	Fisher	05-408-138	2 ml or 1.5 ml tubes
Shaker			Any shaker that causes the liquid to gently move will work
Diaminopimelic acid	Sigma	D-1377	If needed, supplement media to a concentration or 1 mM