Using a GFP-tagged TMEM184A Construct for Confirmation of Heparin Receptor Identity

Summary

A construct encoding TMEM184A with a GFP tag at the carboxy-terminus designed for eukaryotic expression, was employed in assays designed to confirm the identification of TMEM184A as a heparin receptor in vascular cells.

Abstract

When novel proteins are identified through affinity-based isolation and bioinformatics analysis, they are often largely uncharacterized. Antibodies against specific peptides within the predicted sequence allow some localization experiments. However, other possible interactions with the antibodies often cannot be excluded. This situation provided an opportunity to develop a set of assays dependent on the protein sequence. Specifically, a construct containing the gene sequence coupled to the GFP coding sequence at the C-terminal end of the protein was obtained and employed for these purposes. Experiments to characterize localization, ligand affinity, and gain of function were originally designed and carried out to confirm the identification of TMEM184A as a heparin receptor¹. In addition, the construct can be employed for studies addressing membrane topology questions and detailed protein-ligand interactions. The present report presents a range of experimental protocols based on the GFP-TMEM184A construct expressed in vascular cells that could easily be adapted for other novel proteins.

Introduction

Identification of candidate proteins for novel functions often depends upon affinity-based isolation protocols followed by partial sequence determination. Recent examples of newly identified proteins include transmembrane protein 184A (TMEM184A), a heparin receptor identified after heparin affinity interactions¹, and TgPH1, a pleckstrin homology domain protein that binds phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P₂². Other novel protein identification involves direct sequence analysis of peptides such as that by Vit, et al. who used transmembrane peptides to identify protein products from previously uncharacterized gen....

Protocol

1. Design of a GFP-protein Construct

1. Purchase, or design and build, a GFP-tagged construct based on the protein in question.
   NOTE: For a purchased construct, standard vectors are available from commercial laboratories that include some or all of the following suggestions: For a membrane protein, select a C-terminal location of the GFP because it is less likely to interfere with membrane protein trafficking. Consider an extension between the gene of interest and the GFP if there is reason to believe the C-terminus of the protein in question is compactly folded into a domain of the protein. Select the construct for general eukaryotic cell expression, ....

Results

While, in theory, transfection of any DNA construct into cells could be accomplished with lipophilic transfection reagents, previous reports indicate more effective transfection of GFP constructs into endothelial cells using electroporation¹². The protocol provided here typically achieved GFP-construct expression in greater than 80% of the primary-derived endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells used. Design of the construct employed used a commercially available .......

Discussion

The protocols reported here were designed to provide confirmatory evidence for the identification of TMEM184A as a heparin receptor in vascular cells¹. Knockdown techniques are routinely used as one mechanism to confirm the identification of novel proteins. However, some functional loss after knockdown is typically not sufficient proof that a candidate protein is actually the correct receptor (or other functional protein). It is also important to have evidence that the candidate protein actually e.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
GFP-TMEM184A construct	OriGene	RG213192
Rhodamine-Heparin	Creative PEGWorks	HP-204	Light Sensitive
Fluorescein-Heparin	Creative PEGWorks	HP-201	Light Sensitive
Mowiol	EMD Millipore	475904-100GM
Paraformaldehyde (PFA, methanol free)	Thermo Sci Pierce Biotech, available through Fisher Scientific	PI28908 at Fisher	Use in Fume Hood
Reacti-bind neutravidin plates (Avidin coated black 96-well dishes)	Thermo Sci Pierce Biotech, through Fisher Scientific	PI15510 at Fisher	Pay attention to shelf-life
Black 96-well plates	Corning Life Sciences Plastic, purchased through Fisher Scientific	064432 at Fisher
A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cell line	ATCC	CRL 1444	Can be exchanged into MEM medium1
BAOEC bovine aortic endothelial cells	Cell Applications, Inc.	B304-05	Culture as recommended initially, can be exchanged into MEM medium for continuing culture1,7
BAOSMC bovine aortic smooth muscle cells	Cell Applications, Inc.	B354-05	Culture as recommended initially, can be exchanged into MEM medium for continuing culture1
RAOEC rat aortic endothelial cells	Cell Applications, Inc.	R304-05a	Culture as recommended initially, can be exchanged into MEM medium for continuing culture7
Biotinylated anti-GFP	Thermo Sci Pierce Biotech, through Fisher Scientific	MA5-15256-BTIN
Streptavidin-coated beads	Sigma	S1638
HeBS	Available from Bio-Rad		Can be prepared in the lab. The pH is 6.8
TMEM184A antibody to the N-terminus	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc292006	Only known TMEM184A antibody to N-terminal region.
TMEM184A antibody to the C-terminus	Obtained from ProSci Inc, Poway, CA	Pro Sci 5681	ProSci used in Figure 1
GFP antibodies	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc9996	Used in Figure 5
Secondary antibodies, labeled with TRITC or Cy3	Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc, West Grove, PA	711 025 152 (donkey anti-rabbit, TRITC) 715 165 150 (donkey anti-mouse, Cy3)	Minimal cross-reactivity to minimize any nonspecific staining.
CHAPS	Purchased from Sigma	C5849	Note that this specific catalog number has been discontinued.  Supplier will provide information regarding replacement.
Live imaging 35-mm dishes	MatTek (Ashland MA)	P35G-1.0 – 20 mm - C
Confocal Microscope	Zeiss	LSM 510 Meta with a 63X oil-immersion lens	Used for images and live-imaging in Figures 1, 2 and 3
Confocal Microscope	Nikon	C2+ confocal with a 60X oil-immersion lens	Used for images in Figure 5
Confocal Microscope	Zeiss	Zeiss LSM 880 with a 63X oil-immersion lens	Used for images in Figure 2C
Electroporation equipment	Bio-Rad	Gene Pulser X-Cell System
Electroporation cuvettes	Available from MidSci	EC2L	Can also be obtained from equipment supplier
Plate reader	TECAN	TECAN Infinite® m200 Pro plate reader	Readings in the middle of the wells rather than at the surface.
Computer program for measuring staining intensity	Image J	https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ Program and information available on-line	Any appropriate program can be used. See https://theolb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/imaging/measuring-cell-fluorescence-using-imagej.html for additional detail
Cell Culture trypsin solution	Sigma	T4174	purchased as a 10x solution