Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion

Summary

The complement component C1q is a pro-inflammatory molecule highly expressed in the tissue microenvironment that can interact with the extracellular matrix. Here, we describe a method to test how C1q bound to hyaluronic acid impacts cell adhesion.

Abstract

It has been increasingly demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment plays an active role in neoplasia growth and metastasis. Through different pathways, tumor cells can efficiently recruit stromal, immune and endothelial cells by secreting stimulatory factors, chemokines and cytokines. In turn, these cells can alter the signaling properties of the microenvironment by releasing growth-promoting signals, metabolites and extracellular matrix components to sustain high proliferation and metastatic competence. In this context, we identify that the complement component C1q, highly expressed locally by a range of human malignant tumors, upon interacting with the extracellular matrix hyaluronic acid, strongly affects the behavior of primary cells isolated from human tumor specimens. Here, we describe a method to test how C1q bound to hyaluronic acid (HA) impacts tumor cell adhesion, underlying the fact that the biological properties of key components of the extracellular matrix (in this case HA) can be shaped by bioactive signals toward tumor progression.

Introduction

The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences cancer development and progression since it can provide a permissive niche for cell survival, growth and invasion. The identification of new key players in TME may be useful for the discovery of new molecular tools for target therapy. TME includes a complex and dynamic network of non-malignant cells, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts and cells of the immune system, embedded in the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) components including collagens, laminins, fibronectins, proteoglycans and hyaluronans. Both tumor and non-tumor cells synthesize and secrete ECM components together with cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and inflammatory and matrix remodeling enzymes that overall alter the physical, chemical and signaling properties of TME. Among these constituents, hyaluronic acid (HA) has emerged to exert a crucial role in tumor biology. Despite its simple chemical composition, HA, together with its HA-binding molecules (hyaladherins), can modulate angiogenesis, immune system responsiveness and ECM remodeling in a size and concentration dependent manner¹.

The complement (C) system is also part of the local TME, which has recently received increasing attention. The C system encompasses a set of soluble and membrane-bound proteins involved in the first line of defense against non-self-cells, unwanted host elements and pathogens. Functionally, the C links the two-effector arms of innate and adaptive systems to promote either direct cell killing or mounting of an inflammatory response². C activation can suppress tumor growth, by destroying cancer cells or inhibiting their outgrowth, but it has become increasingly clear that it can possess a tumor-promoting activity by sustaining chronic inflammation, promoting the establishment of an immunosuppressive milieu, inducing angiogenesis, and activating cancer-related signaling pathways³. In this context, C1q, the first recognition molecule of the classical pathway of the C system has emerged to exert important functions in the tumor microenvironment independently of C activation⁴. C1q has been shown to be expressed locally by a range of human malignant tumors, where it can favor cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation in addition to angiogenesis and metastasis⁵. Interestingly C1q interacts with a major constituent of the ECM such as HA.

We developed a technique to isolate the primary cancer cells from the tumor mass. Furthermore, we created the matrix, which can stimulate tumor microenvironment, particularly the interaction between C1q and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. C1q bound to HA was able to induce adhesion of the tumor cells.

Protocol

Tissue samples from patients were collected after informed consent following approval of the ethical considerations by the Institutional Board of the University Hospital of Trieste, Italy.

1. Tumor cell isolation and culture (Day 1)

1. Isolate human mesothelioma cells from MPM solid specimens. Finely mince the tissue with a cutter to obtain fragments of about 2-3 mm² in size and incubate in 5 mL of digestion solution composed of Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) supplemented with 0.5 mM Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, 0.5% trypsin and 50 µg/mL DNase I, overnight at 4 °C.
2. Tumor cell isolation and culture (Day 2)
   1. After overnight incubation, place the digested tissue for 30 min in a 37 °C incubator with gentle shaking.
   2. Replace the digestion solution upon centrifugation (250 x g) with 3 mg/mL collagenase type 1 dissolved in 5 mL of Medium 199 with HBSS and further incubate for 30 min at 37 °C with gentle shaking.
   3. Block the enzymatic reaction by adding 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). Resuspend the cells very carefully with a 5 mL pipet to ensure that most of the cells are released from the tissue. Then, filter the cell suspension through a 100 µm pore filter.
   4. Seed the cells in a 12.5 cm² flask and culture them at 37 °C with human endothelial cells serum-free medium (HESF), with 10% FBS and supplemented with EGF (10 ng/mL), basic FGF (20 ng/mL), and 1% penicillin- streptomycin.
      NOTE: Replace with fresh medium every 2-3 days.

2. HA coating (Day 1)

1. Resuspend high molecular weight HA (1.5 kDa) in double distilled water at the concentration of 1 mg/mL⁶.
2. Dilute HA stock solution to 50 µg/mL in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (0.1 M, pH 9.6) with gentle pipetting.
3. Coat the 96-well plate with 100 µL of dilute HA stock solution per well overnight at 4 °C.
   NOTE: Hyaluronic acid was a kind gift from Professor Ivan Donati, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste⁷.

3. C1q coating (Day 2)

1. After overnight incubation, vacuum aspirate the treated wells and wash the 96-well plate with 100 µL of Dulbecco's PBS (dPBS) per well.
2. Allow C1q (25 µg/mL or different concentrations for dose response experiments) or BSA (as a negative control) to bind to plastic immobilized-HA by incubating these proteins at a concentration of 25 µg/mL in 100 µL of dPBS + 0.5% BSA and 0.7 mM Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺. Then incubate overnight at 4 °C.
3. Vacuum aspirate the wells and wash the 96-well plate with 100 µL/well of dPBS.

4. Cell labeling with FAST DiI

1. Resuspend 1 x 10⁵ tumor cells in 500 µL of dPBS containing 10 µg/mL of the fluorescent dye FAST DiI. Incubate for 15 min at 37 °C in a 5% v/v CO₂ incubator for the labelling, mixing manually after 5 min intervals.
   1. To remove excess FAST DiI, add 10 mL of dPBS, pipette gently up and down, and centrifuge at 250 x g for 7 min. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of human endothelial serum free medium containing 0.1% BSA (HESF + 0.1% BSA).

5. Cell Adhesion on HA/C1q matrices (Day 1)

1. Vacuum aspirate the wells coated with the different matrixes (wells were coated in step 3.2).
2. Distribute 100 µL of the labelled cell suspension to the coated wells and incubate the plate for 35 min at 37 °C in 5% v/v CO₂ incubator.
3. Remove the non-adherent cells by aspirating the supernatant. Wash once with dPBS containing 0.5% BSA, 0.7 mM Ca²⁺ and 0.7 mM Mg²⁺_.
4. Lyse the adherent cells by adding 200 µL/well of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 + 0.1% v/v SDS and immediately read the 96-well plate with a fluorescence reader (544 nm, emission 590 nm) using a calibration curve generated through the lysis of an increasing number of labelled cells.

Results

HA is a negatively charged high-molecular-weight polysaccharide, which is made up of repeating (β,1-4)-D-glucuronic acid-(β,1-3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units (Figure 1B)⁷. The occurrence of the binding of HA on the 96-well plate as well as the efficiency of its immobilization were tested taking advantage of biotinylated HA (bio-HA). Different concentrations of Bio-HA, ranging from 10 µg/mL to 1 mg/mL, were re-suspended in ...

Discussion

We describe an easy method to investigate how the complement component C1q, interacting with hyaluronic acid, is able to modulate the behavior of primary cells isolated from human tumor tissues. Both HA and C1q are abundantly present in the tissue microenvironment both under physiological and pathological conditions, participating to several cell biological processes. For instance, C1q has been shown to be present in the microenvironment of the placenta where it favors extravillous trophoblast invasion of the matern...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
100 µm pore filter	BD Falcon	352360
Amphotericin B solution (fungizone)	Sigma-Aldrich	1397-89-3
basic FGF	Immunological Sciences	GRF-15595
Calcium Chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	C-4901
Collagenase type I	Worthington Biochemical Corporation, DBA	MX1D12644
D-Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	50-99-7
DNase I	Roche	10 104 159 001
EDTA	Sigma-Aldrich	60-00-4
EGF	Immunological Sciences	GRF-10544
FAST DiI	Molecular probes, Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific	D7756
Fetal bovine serum	Gibco,  Thermo Fisher Scientific	10270-106
Fibronectin	Roche	11051407001
Flask for cell culture	Corning	430639	Sterile, vented
Gentamicin solution	Sigma-Aldrich	G1397-10ML
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBBS)	Sigma-Aldrich	H6648	Supplemented with EDTA, Glucose, penicillin-streptamicin, gentamicin and fungizone
High molecular weight hyaluronic acid	Kind gift by Prof. Ivan Donati
Human endothelial serum free medium	Gibco,  Thermo Fisher Scientific	11111-044	Supplemented with EGF (5 ng/mL), basic FGF (10 ng/mL), and  1% penicillin–streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich)
Magnesium Chloride	Carlo Erba	13446-18-9
Medium 199 with Hank’s salt	Sigma-Aldrich	M7653
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Sigma-Aldrich	P0781
Time-lapse microscopy	Nikon	Imaging System BioStation IM-Q
Titertek Multiskan ELISA Reader	Flow Labs
Trypsin	Sigma-Aldrich	T4674