Vurdering af hukommelsesfunktionen i pilocarpine-inducerede epileptiske mus
Summary
Denne artikel præsenterer eksperimentelle procedurer for vurdering af hukommelsessvækkelser i pilocarpine-inducerede epileptiske mus. Denne protokol kan bruges til at studere de patofysiologiske mekanismer af epilepsi-associeret kognitiv tilbagegang, som er en af de mest almindelige comorbiditeter i epilepsi.
Abstract
Kognitiv svækkelse er en af de mest almindelige comorbiditeter i temporal lap epilepsi. For at opsummere epilepsi-associeret kognitiv tilbagegang i en dyremodel af epilepsi, genererede vi pilocarpine-behandlede kroniske epileptiske mus. Vi præsenterer en protokol for tre forskellige adfærdsmæssige tests ved hjælp af disse epileptiske mus: roman objekt placering (NL), nye objekt anerkendelse (NO), og mønster adskillelse (PS) test til at evaluere læring og hukommelse for steder, objekter og sammenhænge, henholdsvis. Vi forklarer, hvordan man indstiller adfærdsapparatet og leverer eksperimentelle procedurer for NL-, NO- og PS-test efter en åben felttest, der måler dyrenes basale bevægelsesaktiviteter. Vi beskriver også de tekniske fordele ved NL-, NO- og PS-test med hensyn til andre adfærdstest til vurdering af hukommelsesfunktion i epileptiske mus. Endelig diskuterer vi mulige årsager og løsninger til epileptiske mus, der ikke har gjort 30 s god kontakt med objekterne under familiarization sessioner, hvilket er et kritisk skridt for en vellykket hukommelse test. Således giver denne protokol detaljerede oplysninger om, hvordan man vurderer epilepsi-associerede hukommelsessvækkelser ved hjælp af mus. NL-, NO- og PS-testene er enkle og effektive analyser, der er velegnede til evaluering af forskellige typer hukommelse i epileptiske mus.
Introduction
Epilepsi er en kronisk lidelse karakteriseret ved spontane tilbagevendende anfald1,2,3. Fordi gentagne anfald kan forårsage strukturelle og funktionelle abnormiteter i hjernen1,,2,3, unormal beslaglæggelse aktivitet kan bidrage til kognitiv dysfunktion, som er en af de mest almindelige epilepsi-associerede comorbiditeter4,5,6. I modsætning til de kroniske anfaldshændelser, som er forbigående og momentane, kognitive svækkelser kan vare ved hele epileptiske patienters liv, forværrer deres livskvalitet. Derfor er det vigtigt at forstå de patofysiologiske mekanismer af epilepsi-associeret kognitiv tilbagegang.
Forskellige eksperimentelle dyremodeller for epilepsi er blevet anvendt til at påvise indlærings – og hukommelsesunderskud i forbindelse med kronisk epilepsi7,8,9,10,11,12. For eksempel har Morris vand labyrint, kontekstuelle frygt conditioning, hole-board, nye objekt placering (NL), og nye objekt anerkendelse (NO) test er ofte blevet brugt til at vurdere hukommelse dysfunktion i tidsmæssige lap epilepsi (TLE). Fordi hippocampus er en af de primære regioner, hvor TLE viser patologi, adfærdsmæssige tests, der kan evaluere hippocampus-afhængige hukommelsesfunktion er ofte fortrinsvis valgt. Men, i betragtning af, at anfald kan fremkalde afvigende hippocampal neurogenese og bidrage til epilepsi-associeret kognitiv tilbagegang10, adfærdsmæssige paradigmer til test dentate nyfødte neuronal funktion (dvs. rumlig mønster adskillelse, PS)8,13 kan også give værdifulde oplysninger om de cellulære mekanismer hukommelse funktionsnedsættelser i epilepsi.
I denne artikel demonstrerer vi et batteri af hukommelsestest, NL, NO og PS, til epileptiske mus. Testene er enkle og let tilgængelige og kræver ikke et sofistikeret system.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Dette arbejde beskriver eksperimentelle procedurer for evaluering af kognitiv funktion hos mus med kronisk epilepsi. Mange forskellige adfærdsmæssige test paradigmer bruges til at vurdere læring og hukommelse funktioner i mus18. Morris vand labyrint, radial arm labyrint, Y-labyrint, kontekstuelle frygt conditioning, og objekt-baserede tests er de hyppigst anvendte adfærdsmæssige tests og give pålidelige resultater. Blandt dem, NL, NO, og PS test er effektive, enkle metoder til evaluering af …
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Vi takker dr. Jae-Min Lee for hans tekniske støtte. Dette arbejde blev støttet af National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) tilskud finansieret af den koreanske regering (NRF-2019R1A2C1003958, NRF-2019K2A9A2A08000167).
Materials
| 1 ml syringe | Sung-shim | Use with the 26 or 30 gauge needle | |
| 70% Ethanol | Duksan | UN1170 | Spray to clean the box and objects |
| black curtain | For avoiding unnecessary visual cues | ||
| Cresyl violet | Sigma | C5042 | For Cresyl violet staining |
| cryotome | Leica | E21040041 | For tissue sectioning |
| double-sided sticky tape | For the firm placement of the objects | ||
| DPX mounting medium | Sigma | 06522 | |
| ethanol series | Duksan | UN1170 | Make 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70% ethanol solutions |
| floor plate with narrow grid patterns | Leehyo-bio | Behavioral experiment equipment, plate size: 42.5 x 42.5 x 0.5 cm, grid size: 2.75 x 2.75 cm | |
| floor plate with wide grid patterns | Leehyo-bio | Behavioral experiment equipment, plate size: 42.5 x 42.5 x 0.5 cm, grid size: 5.5 x 5.5 cm | |
| illuminometer | TES Electrical Electronic Corp. | 1334A | For the measurement of the room lighting (60 Lux) |
| Intensive care unit | Thermocare | #W-1 | |
| ketamine hydrochloride | Yuhan | 7003 | Use to anesthetize the mouse for transcardial perfusion |
| LED lamp | Lungo | P13A-0422-WW-04 | Lighting for the behavioral test room |
| objects | Rubber doll, 50 ml plastic tube, glass Coplin jar, plastic T-flask, glass bottle | ||
| open field box | Leehyo-bio | Behavioral experiment equipment, size: 44 x 44 x 31 cm | |
| paper towel | Yuhan-Kimberly | 47201 | Use to dry open field box and objects |
| paraformaldehyde | Merck Millipore | 104005 | Make 4% solution |
| pilocarpine hydrochloride | Sigma | P6503 | |
| ruler | Use to locate the objects in the open field box | ||
| scopolamine methyl nitrate | Sigma | S2250 | Make 10X stock |
| Smart system 3.0 | Panlab | Video tracking system | |
| stopwatch | Junso | JS-307 | For the measurement of explorative activities of mice |
| sucrose | Sigma | S9378 | For cryoprotection of tissue sections |
| terbutaline hemisulfate salt | Sigma | T2528 | Make 10X stock |
| video camera (CCD camera) | Vision | VCE56HQ-12 | Place the camera directly overhead of the open field box |
| xylazine (Rompun) | Bayer korea | KR10381 | Use to anesthetize the mouse for transcardial perfusion |
| xylene | Duksan | UN1307 | For Cresyl violet staining |
References
- Chang, B. S., Lowenstein, D. H. Mechanisms of disease – Epilepsy. New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (13), 1257-1266 (2003).
- Scharfman, H. E. The neurobiology of epilepsy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Report. 7 (4), 348-354 (2007).
- Rakhade, S. N., Jensen, F. E. Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms. Nature Reviews in Neurology. 5 (7), 380-391 (2009).
- Breuer, L. E., et al. Cognitive deterioration in adult epilepsy: Does accelerated cognitive ageing exist. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews. 64, 1-11 (2016).
- Leeman-Markowski, B. A., Schachter, S. C. Treatment of Cognitive Deficits in Epilepsy. Neurology Clinics. 34 (1), 183-204 (2016).
- Helmstaedter, C., Elger, C. E. Chronic temporal lobe epilepsy: a neurodevelopmental or progressively dementing disease. Brain. 132, 2822-2830 (2009).
- Groticke, I., Hoffmann, K., Loscher, W. Behavioral alterations in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Experimental Neurology. 207 (2), 329-349 (2007).
- Long, Q., et al. Intranasal MSC-derived A1-exosomes ease inflammation, and prevent abnormal neurogenesis and memory dysfunction after status epilepticus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U. S. A. 114 (17), 3536-3545 (2017).
- Lima, I. V. A., et al. Postictal alterations induced by intrahippocampal injection of pilocarpine in C57BL/6 mice. Epilepsy & Behavior. 64, 83-89 (2016).
- Cho, K. O., et al. Aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to epilepsy and associated cognitive decline. Nature Communication. 6, 6606 (2015).
- Zhou, Q., et al. Adenosine A1 Receptors Play an Important Protective Role Against Cognitive Impairment and Long-Term Potentiation Inhibition in a Pentylenetetrazol Mouse Model of Epilepsy. Molecular Neurobiology. 55 (4), 3316-3327 (2018).
- Jiang, Y., et al. Ketogenic diet attenuates spatial and item memory impairment in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. Brain Research. 1646, 451-458 (2016).
- Zhuo, J. M., et al. Young adult born neurons enhance hippocampal dependent performance via influences on bilateral networks. Elife. 5, 22429 (2016).
- Kim, J. E., Cho, K. O. The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (132), e56831 (2018).
- Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (65), e3564 (2012).
- Muller, C. J., Groticke, I., Bankstahl, M., Loscher, W. Behavioral and cognitive alterations, spontaneous seizures, and neuropathology developing after a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in C57BL/6 mice. Experimental Neurology. 219 (1), 284-297 (2009).
- Brandt, C., Gastens, A. M., Sun, M., Hausknecht, M., Loscher, W. Treatment with valproate after status epilepticus: effect on neuronal damage, epileptogenesis, and behavioral alterations in rats. Neuropharmacology. 51 (4), 789-804 (2006).
- Wolf, A., Bauer, B., Abner, E. L., Ashkenazy-Frolinger, T., Hartz, A. M. A Comprehensive Behavioral Test Battery to Assess Learning and Memory in 129S6/Tg2576 Mice. PLoS One. 11 (1), 0147733 (2016).
- Lueptow, L. M. Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (126), e55718 (2017).
- Antunes, M., Biala, G. The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications. Cognitive Processing. 13 (2), 93-110 (2012).
- van Goethem, N. P., van Hagen, B. T. J., Prickaerts, J. Assessing spatial pattern separation in rodents using the object pattern separation task. Nature Protocols. 13 (8), 1763-1792 (2018).
- Leger, M., et al. Object recognition test in mice. Nature Protocols. 8 (12), 2531-2537 (2013).
- Moscovitch, M., Cabeza, R., Winocur, G., Nadel, L. Episodic Memory and Beyond: The Hippocampus and Neocortex in Transformation. Annual Reviews in Psychology. 67, 105-134 (2016).
- Eichenbaum, H. A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 1 (1), 41-50 (2000).
- Brown, M. W., Aggleton, J. P. Recognition memory: What are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2 (1), 51-61 (2001).
- Winters, B. D., Forwood, S. E., Cowell, R. A., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J. Double dissociation between the effects of peri-postrhinal cortex and hippocampal lesions on tests of object recognition and spatial memory: Heterogeneity of function within the temporal lobe. Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (26), 5901-5908 (2004).
- Winters, B. D., Bussey, T. J. Transient inactivation of perirhinal cortex disrupts encoding, retrieval, and consolidation of object recognition memory. Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (1), 52-61 (2005).
- Bermudez-Rattoni, F., Okuda, S., Roozendaal, B., McGaugh, J. L. Insular cortex is involved in consolidation of object recognition memory. Learning & Memory. 12 (5), 447-449 (2005).
- Akirav, I., Maroun, M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is obligatory for consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Cerebral Cortex. 16 (12), 1759-1765 (2006).
- Cohen, S. J., Stackman, R. W. Assessing rodent hippocampal involvement in the novel object recognition task. A review. Behavior Brain Research. 285, 105-117 (2015).
- Cohen, S. J., et al. The Rodent Hippocampus Is Essential for Nonspatial Object Memory. Current Biology. 23 (17), 1685-1690 (2013).
- Broadbent, N. J., Gaskin, S., Squire, L. R., Clark, R. E. Object recognition memory and the rodent hippocampus. Learning and Memory. 17 (1), 5-11 (2010).
- Tuscher, J. J., Taxier, L. R., Fortress, A. M., Frick, K. M. Chemogenetic inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, individually and concurrently, impairs object recognition and spatial memory consolidation in female mice. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 156, 103-116 (2018).
- de Lima, M. N., Luft, T., Roesler, R., Schroder, N. Temporary inactivation reveals an essential role of the dorsal hippocampus in consolidation of object recognition memory. Neuroscience Letters. 405 (1-2), 142-146 (2006).
- Hammond, R. S., Tull, L. E., Stackman, R. W. On the delay-dependent involvement of the hippocampus in object recognition memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 82 (1), 26-34 (2004).
- Clark, R. E., Zola, S. M., Squire, L. R. Impaired recognition memory in rats after damage to the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (23), 8853-8860 (2000).
- Stackman, R. W., Cohen, S. J., Lora, J. C., Rios, L. M. Temporary inactivation reveals that the CA1 region of the mouse dorsal hippocampus plays an equivalent role in the retrieval of long-term object memory and spatial memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 133, 118-128 (2016).
- Mumby, D. G., Gaskin, S., Glenn, M. J., Schramek, T. E., Lehmann, H. Hippocampal damage and exploratory preferences in rats: memory for objects, places, and contexts. Learning & Memory. 9 (2), 49-57 (2002).
- Jeong, K. H., Lee, K. E., Kim, S. Y., Cho, K. O. Upregulation of Kruppel-Like Factor 6 in the Mouse Hippocampus after Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. Neuroscience. 186, 170-178 (2011).
- Kim, J. E., Cho, K. O. The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (132), e56831 (2018).
- Jiang, Y., et al. Abnormal hippocampal functional network and related memory impairment in pilocarpine-treated rats. Epilepsia. 59 (9), 1785-1795 (2018).
- Wang, L., Liu, Y. H., Huang, Y. G., Chen, L. W. Time-course of neuronal death in the mouse pilocarpine model of chronic epilepsy using Fluoro-Jade C staining. Brain Research. 1241, 157-167 (2008).
- Detour, J., Schroeder, H., Desor, D., Nehlig, A. A 5-month period of epilepsy impairs spatial memory, decreases anxiety, but spares object recognition in the lithium-pilocarpine model in adult rats. Epilepsia. 46 (4), 499-508 (2005).
- Benini, R., Longo, D., Biagini, G., Avoli, M. Perirhinal Cortex Hyperexcitability in Pilocarpine-Treated Epileptic Rats. Hippocampus. 21 (7), 702-713 (2011).
- Yassa, M. A., Stark, C. E. Pattern separation in the hippocampus. Trends in Neurosciences. 34 (10), 515-525 (2011).
- Goncalves, J. T., Schafer, S. T., Gage, F. H. Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus: From Stem Cells to Behavior. Cell. 167 (4), 897-914 (2016).
- Sahay, A., et al. Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation. Nature. 472 (7344), 466-539 (2011).
