Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Summary

This work describes straightforward, adaptable, and low-cost methods to fabricate microgels with extrusion fragmentation, process the microgels into injectable granular hydrogels, and apply the granular hydrogels as extrusion printing inks for biomedical applications.

Abstract

Granular hydrogels are jammed assemblies of hydrogel microparticles (i.e., "microgels"). In the field of biomaterials, granular hydrogels have many advantageous properties, including injectability, microscale porosity, and tunability by mixing multiple microgel populations. Methods to fabricate microgels often rely on water-in-oil emulsions (e.g., microfluidics, batch emulsions, electrospraying) or photolithography, which may present high demands in terms of resources and costs, and may not be compatible with many hydrogels. This work details simple yet highly effective methods to fabricate microgels using extrusion fragmentation and to process them into granular hydrogels useful for biomedical applications (e.g., 3D printing inks). First, bulk hydrogels (using photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid (HA) as an example) are extruded through a series of needles with sequentially smaller diameters to form fragmented microgels. This microgel fabrication technique is rapid, low-cost, and highly scalable. Methods to jam microgels into granular hydrogels by centrifugation and vacuum-driven filtration are described, with optional post-crosslinking for hydrogel stabilization. Lastly, granular hydrogels fabricated from fragmented microgels are demonstrated as extrusion printing inks. While the examples described herein use photocrosslinkable HA for 3D printing, the methods are easily adaptable for a wide variety of hydrogel types and biomedical applications.

Introduction

Granular hydrogels are fabricated through the packing of hydrogel particles (i.e., microgels) and are an exciting class of biomaterials with many advantageous properties for biomedical applications^1,2,3. Due to their particulate structure, granular hydrogels are shear-thinning and self-healing, allowing for their use as extrusion printing (bio)inks, granular supports for embedded printing, and injectable therapeutics^4,5,6,7,

Protocol

1. Fabricating bulk hydrogels inside of a syringe using photocrosslinking

NOTE: An overview of bulk hydrogel fabrication inside a syringe using photocrosslinking is shown in Figure 1. This protocol uses norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid (NorHA) to fabricate bulk hydrogels using a photo-mediated thiol-ene reaction. Detailed procedures for the synthesis of NorHA are described elsewhere³⁸. However, this protocol is highly adaptable to any photocrosslinkable hydrogel. See Discussion for more information.

1. Predetermine desired concentrations of polymer, crosslink....

Results

Representative results from these protocols are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 6. Extrusion fragmentation yields microgels with jagged, polygon shapes with diameters ranging from 10-300 µm (Figure 3). Further, circularity ranges from 0.2 (not circular) to almost 1 (perfect circle), and the aspect ratio ranges from 1-3 (Figure 3). These parameters describe the irregular and jagged microgel shapes formed by.......

Discussion

Herein, methods to fabricate granular hydrogels using extrusion fragmented microgels and packing by either centrifugation or vacuum-driven filtration are described. Compared to other microgel fabrication methods (i.e., microfluidics, batch emulsions, electrospraying, photolithography), extrusion fragmentation microgel fabrication is highly rapid, low-cost, easily scalable, and amenable to a wide variety of hydrogel systems. Further, this protocol is highly repeatable with minimal batch-to-batch variability, which was cha.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
15 mL Plastic Conical Centrifuge Tube	Corning	430766
30 G NT Premium Series Dispensing Tip	Jensen Global	JG30-0.5HPX	Catalog Number listed here is for 30 G, 0.5" needle. Various sizes are available.
BD Disposable Syringes with Luer-Lok Tips (3 mL)	Fisher Scientific	14-823-435	Catalog Number listed here is for 3 mL syringe. Various sizes are available (14-823-XXX).
Black folders	Various Vendors
Disposable Probe Needle For Use With Syringes and Dispensing Machines (18 G, 0.5")	Grainger	5FVH5	Catalog Number listed here is for 18 G, 0.5" needle. Various sizes are available.
Disposable Probe Needle For Use With Syringes and Dispensing Machines (23 G, 0.5")	Grainger	5FVJ3
Disposable Probe Needle For Use With Syringes and Dispensing Machines (27 G, 1.5")	Grainger	5FVL0
Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline	Fisher Scientific	14190-250	Catalog Number listed here is for a case of 10 x 500 mL bottles.
Durapore Membrane Filter, 0.22 µm	Millipore	GVWP04700
Epifluorescent or confocal microscope	Various Vendors		To visualize microgels and granular hydrogels
Eppendorf Snap-Cap Microcentrifuge Safe-Lock Tubes	Fisher Scientific	05-402-25
Extrusion printer	Custom-built		Other extrusion printers can be use,d such as commercially available BIOX.
Filter Adapters	Fisher Scientific	05-888-107	Catalog Number listed here is for a set of multiple sizes. Various sizes are available (05-888-XXX).
Filter Flask	Various Vendors
Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (2 MDa)	Sigma-Aldrich	52471
Glass microscope slide	Various Vendors
ImageJ	National Institutes of Health		"Analyze Particles" information link: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/menus/analyze.html
Laptop	Various Vendors
Luer-Lock Tip Caps	Integrated Dispensin g Solutions	9991329
Metal spatula for scooping	Various Vendors
Microcentrifuge	Various Vendors		Capable of speed up to 18,000 x g
Microscoft Execl	Microsoft		Other programs can be used, such as Google Slides.
OmniCure S2000 Spot UV Curing System	Excelitas Technologies	S2000	Different light systems may be used to fabricate bulk hydrogels if desired.
Porcelain Buchner Funnel with Fixed Perforated Plate	Fisher Scientific	FB966C	Catalog Number listed here is for 56mm diameter plate. Various sizes are available.
Radiometer	Various Vendors
Repetier Host	Hot-World GmbH & Co. KG		3D printing software
Screw-based extrusion printer	Various Vendors		This study used a custom-modified 3D FDM printer (Velleman K8200). Many alternatives are available.
Solidworks/CAD software	Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation		Other programs can be used, such as Blender or TinkerCAD.
Tubing to Connect Filter Flask to Vacuum Line	Various Vendors
UV Eye Protection (i.e., safety glasses)	Various Vendors