An Efficient Clearing Protocol for the Study of Seed Development in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Summary

The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental biology during plant reproduction. This protocol is useful for clearing tomato seeds at different developmental stages to observe the finer embryonic structure.

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major cash crops worldwide. The tomato seed is an important model for studying genetics and developmental biology during plant reproduction. Visualization of finer embryonic structure within a tomato seed is often hampered by seed coat mucilage, multi-cell-layered integument, and a thick-walled endosperm, which needs to be resolved by laborious embedding-sectioning. A simpler alternative is to employ tissue clearing techniques that turn the seed almost transparent using chemical agents. Although conventional clearing procedures allow deep insight into smaller seeds with a thinner seed coat, clearing tomato seeds continues to be technically challenging, especially in the late developmental stages.

Presented here is a rapid and labor-saving clearing protocol to observe tomato seed development from 3 to 23 days after flowering when embryonic morphology is nearly complete. This method combines chloral hydrate-based clearing solution widely used in Arabidopsis with other modifications, including the omission of Formalin-Aceto-Alcohol (FAA) fixation, the addition of sodium hypochlorite treatment of seeds, removal of the softened seed coat mucilage, and washing and vacuum treatment. This method can be applied for efficient clearing of tomato seeds at different developmental stages and is useful in full monitoring of the developmental process of mutant seeds with good spatial resolution. This clearing protocol may also be applied to deep imaging of other commercially important species in the Solanaceae.

Introduction

Tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops around the world, with an output of 186.8 million tons of fleshy fruits from 5.1 million hectares in 2020¹. It belongs to the large Solanaceae family with about 2,716 species², including many commercially important crops such as eggplant, peppers, potato, and tobacco. The cultivated tomato is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 24) with a genome size of approximately 900 Mb³. For a long time, great effort has been made toward tomato domestication and breeding by selecting desirable traits from wild Solanum spp. The....

Protocol

1. Preparation of solutions

1. Prepare FAA fixative by adding 2.5 mL of 37% formaldehyde, 2.5 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 45 mL of 70% ethanol in a 50 mL centrifuge tube. Vortex and store it at 4 °C. Freshly prepare FAA fixative just before use.
   CAUTION: 37% formaldehyde is corrosive and potentially carcinogenic if exposed or inhaled. The fixative must be performed in a fume hood while wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.
2. Prepare clearing solution by adding 5 mL of 100% glycerol, 40 g chloral hydrate, and 10 mL of distilled water in a 100 mL glass bottle wrapped with tin foil. Dissolve using a magnetic s....

Results

When tomato seeds were cleared using a conventional method as in Arabidopsis, dense endosperm cells blocked the visualization of early tomato embryos at 3 DAF and 6 DAF (Figure 3A,B). As the total volume of the embryo increased, a globular embryo was barely distinguishable at 9 DAF (Figure 3C). However, as the seed size continued to increase, its permeability decreased, resulting in a fuzzy heart embryo at 12 DAF (F.......

Discussion

Compared to mechanical sectioning, the clearing technology is more advantageous for three-dimensional imaging as it retains the integrity of plant tissues or organs¹⁶. Conventional clearing protocols are often limited to small samples due to easier penetration of chemical solutions. Tomato seed is a problematic sample for tissue clearing because it is about 70 times larger than an Arabidopsis seed in size and has more permeability barriers. The Arabidopsis seed coat is composed o.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1,000 µL pipette	GILSON	FA10006M
1,000 µL pipette tips	Corning	T-1000-B
2 ml centrifuge tube	Axygen	MCT-200-C
37% formaldehyde	DAMAO	685-2013
5,000 µL pipette	Eppendorf	3120000275
5,000 µL pipette tips	biosharp	BS-5000-TL
50 ml centrifuge tube	Corning	430829
Absolute Ethanol	BOYUAN	678-2002
Bottle glass	Fisher	FB800-100
Chloral Hydrate	Meryer	M13315-100G
Coverslip	Leica	384200
DIC microscope	Zeiss	Axio Imager A1	10x, 20x and 40x magnification
Disinfectant	QIKELONGAN	17-9185
Dissecting needle	Bioroyee	17-9140
Flower nutrient soil	FANGJIE
Forceps	HAIOU	4-94
Glacial Acetic Acid	BOYUAN	676-2007
Glycerol	Solarbio	G8190
Magnetic stirrer	IKA	RET basic
Micro-Tom	Tomato Genetics Resource Center	LA3911
Orbital shaker	QILINBEIER	QB-206
Seeding substrate	PINDSTRUP	LV713/018-LV252	Screening:0-10 mm
Single concave slide	HUABODEYI	HBDY1895
Slide	Leica	3800381
Stereomicroscope	Leica	S8 APO	1x to 4x magnification
Tin foil	ZAOWUFANG	613
Tween 20	Sigma	P1379
Vacuum pump	SHIDING	SHB-III
Vortex meter	Silogex	MX-S