Primary Microglia Isolation from Mixed Glial Cell Cultures of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue

Summary

Isolating primary microglia from the cellular heterogeneity of the brain is essential to investigate their role in both physiological and pathological conditions. This protocol describes a mechanical isolation and mixed cell culture technique that provides high yield and high purity, viable primary microglial cells for in vitro study and downstream applications.

Abstract

Microglia account for approximately 12% of the total cellular population in the mammalian brain. While neurons and astrocytes are considered the major cell types of the nervous system, microglia play a significant role in normal brain physiology by monitoring tissue for debris and pathogens and maintaining homeostasis in the parenchyma via phagocytic activity ^1,2. Microglia are activated during a number of injury and disease conditions, including neurodegenerative disease, traumatic brain injury, and nervous system infection ³. Under these activating conditions, microglia increase their phagocytic activity, undergo morpohological and proliferative change, and actively secrete reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, often activating a paracrine or autocrine loop ^4-6. As these microglial responses contribute to disease pathogenesis in neurological conditions, research focused on microglia is warranted.

Due to the cellular heterogeneity of the brain, it is technically difficult to obtain sufficient microglial sample material with high purity during in vivo experiments. Current research on the neuroprotective and neurotoxic functions of microglia require a routine technical method to consistently generate pure and healthy microglia with sufficient yield for study. We present, in text and video, a protocol to isolate pure primary microglia from mixed glia cultures for a variety of downstream applications. Briefly, this technique utilizes dissociated brain tissue from neonatal rat pups to produce mixed glial cell cultures. After the mixed glial cultures reach confluency, primary microglia are mechanically isolated from the culture by a brief duration of shaking. The microglia are then plated at high purity for experimental study.

The principle and protocol of this methodology have been described in the literature ^7,8. Additionally, alternate methodologies to isolate primary microglia are well described ^9-12. Homogenized brain tissue may be separated by density gradient centrifugation to yield primary microglia ¹². However, the centrifugation is of moderate length (45 min) and may cause cellular damage and activation, as well as, cause enriched microglia and other cellular populations. Another protocol has been utilized to isolate primary microglia in a variety of organisms by prolonged (16 hr) shaking while in culture ^9-11. After shaking, the media supernatant is centrifuged to isolate microglia. This longer two-step isolation method may also perturb microglial function and activation. We chiefly utilize the following microglia isolation protocol in our laboratory for a number of reasons: (1) primary microglia simulate in vivo biology more faithfully than immortalized rodent microglia cell lines, (2) nominal mechanical disruption minimizes potential cellular dysfunction or activation, and (3) sufficient yield can be obtained without passage of the mixed glial cell cultures.

It is important to note that this protocol uses brain tissue from neonatal rat pups to isolate microglia and that using older rats to isolate microglia can significantly impact the yield, activation status, and functional properties of isolated microglia. There is evidence that aging is linked with microglia dysfunction, increased neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative pathologies, so previous studies have used ex vivo adult microglia to better understand the role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases where aging is important parameter. However, ex vivo microglia cannot be kept in culture for prolonged periods of time. Therefore, while this protocol extends the life of primary microglia in culture, it should be noted that the microglia behave differently from adult microglia and in vitro studies should be carefully considered when translated to an in vivo setting.

Protocol

1. Dissection of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue

1. Chill Leibovitz's L-15 conditioned media (Leibowitz L-15 + 0.1% BSA + 1% Pen/Strep) to 4 °C. Warm culture media (DMEM + 10% FBS + 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin) to 37 °C. Prepare 4 60x15 mm Petri dishes with 4-5 ml of the conditioned L-15 media on ice. Sterilize all surgical tools with 100% ethanol.
2. Rinse the P2 neonatal rap pups with 70% ethanol. (Neonatal rat pups aged between P1-P5 can be used in this protocol.)
3. Quickly decapitate a rat pup with sterile sharp scissors and drop the head immediately into 70% ethanol. Repeat for a total of 5 rat pups then transfer heads into saline solution.
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Discussion

While this protocol is routinely utilized to produce pure and healthy microglia for research experiments, careful consideration of technical aspects during critical parts of the procedure will minimize variability in the isolated microglia. First, during the dissection of brain tissue from neonatal rat pups, working in a timely fashion is necessary to minimize hypoxic and ischemic damage to the tissue. However, it is also important to completely remove the meningeal covering from the brain during dissection, beca.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
60 mm x 15 mm Petri dishes	Fisher brand	0875713A
Sharp dissecting scissors	Fine Science Tools	14094-11
Dumont #7b forceps- standard tips, curved, 11cm	Fine Science Tools	11270-20
Dumont #5 forceps-standard tips, straight, 11 cm	Fine Science Tools	11251-10
50 ml conical centrifuge tubes	VWR	89039-656
5 ml serological pipettes	Grenier Bio One	606180
10 ml serological pipettes	Grenier Bio One	607180
100 μm sterile nylon cell strainer	Falcon	35-2360
75 cm2 tissue culture flasks	Corning	430641
Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM)	Gibco (Invitrogen)	31053-028
Leibovitz's L-15 medium	Gibco (Invitrogen)	11415064
Fetal bovine serum	Gibco(Invitrogen)	16000-036
Fetal equine serum	Fisher	SH3007402
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Gibco (Invitrogen)	15140163
100% Ethanol	The Warner Graham Company	64-17-5
Phosphate buffered saline solution, 10X, pH 7.4	Quality Biological, inc.	119-069-131	1X in sterile, distilled water
Biohazard bags	VWR	14220-028
Haemocytometer	Hausser Scientific	1492
6-well cell culture plates with cellBIND surface	Corning	3335