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JoVE Journal Cancer Research

Cancer Research

Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland

Published: June 7, 2019 doi: 10.3791/59502
Automatic Translation
1,2, 1,2, 1,2
1Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 2Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Summary

The goal of this protocol is to describe a new breast cancer modeling approach based on the intraductal injection of Cre-expressing adenovirus into mouse mammary glands. This approach allows both cell-type- and organ-specific manipulation of oncogenic events in a temporally controlled manner.

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, possibly due to complex interactions between different cells of origins and oncogenic events. Mouse models are instrumental in gaining insights into these complex processes. Although many mouse models have been developed to study contributions of various oncogenic events and cells of origin to breast tumorigenesis, these models are often not cell-type or organ specific or cannot induce the initiation of mammary tumorigenesis in a temporally controlled manner. Here we describe a protocol to generate a new type of breast cancer mouse models based on the intraductal injection of Cre-expressing adenovirus (Ad-Cre) into mouse mammary glands (MGs). Due to the direct injection of Ad-Cre into mammary ducts, this approach is MG specific, without any unwanted cancer induction in other organs. The intraductal injection procedure can be performed in mice at different stages of their MG development (thus, it permits temporal control of cancer induction, starting from ~3-4 weeks of age). The cell-type specificity can be achieved by using different cell-type-specific promoters to drive Cre expression in the adenoviral vector. We show that luminal and basal mammary epithelial cells (MECs) can be tightly targeted for Cre/loxP-based genetic manipulation via an intraductal injection of Ad-Cre under the control of the Keratin 8 or Keratin 5 promoter, respectively. By incorporating a conditional Cre reporter (e.g., Cre/loxP-inducible Rosa26-YFP reporter), we show that MECs targeted by Ad-Cre, and tumor cells derived from them, can be traced by following the reporter-positive cells after intraductal injection.

Introduction

The overall goal of this method is to develop a new breast cancer modeling approach based on an intraductal injection of Ad-Cre into the mouse MG. The Cre/loxP recombination-based genetic approach has been widely used to model human breast cancer in mice. The first generation of Cre/loxP-based breast cancer mouse models are generated by using Cre-expressing transgenic mice under the control of MEC-specific promoters (e.g., MMTV-Cre for luminal MECs and a portion of basal MECs, Wap-Cre and Blg-Cre for luminal progenitors and alveolar luminal MECs, K14-Cre for basal and a portion of luminal MECs1,2,3,4,5)6,7,8,9. However, while these Cre transgenic lines enable spatial control of Cre expression (i.e., in different subsets of MECs), they do not allow temporal control of Cre expression and Cre/loxP-mediated genetic manipulation. The second generation of Cre/loxP-based breast cancer mouse models utilize inducible Cre activity/expression approaches (e.g., use of Cre-estrogen receptor fusion [CreER], which can only induce Cre/loxP recombination upon administration of tamoxifen), and as a result, these genetic tools permit both spatial and temporal controls of the activation of oncogenic events in MECs (e.g., K8-CreER- and K5-CreER-based models)10,11,12. In both generations of breast cancer mouse models, as promoters used to drive Cre or CreER expression (e.g., Krt8, Krt5) may also be active in epithelial cells of other organs (i.e., they are cell-type-specific but not organ-specific) or have a leaky expression in cell types other than epithelial cells (e.g., MMTV, which has leaky activity in bone marrow hematopoietic cells), these approaches may lead to the development of unwanted cancer(s) in other organ(s). If these unexpected cancers cause lethality in the affected mice, the original purpose of modeling breast cancer in these mice may be prohibited (e.g., MMTV-Cre-driven oncogenic events may lead to hematopoietic malignancies and early death of the mice, due to leakiness of the MMTV promoter in hematopoietic cells)4.

Here we report a breast cancer modeling approach in mice that allows both cell-type- and organ-specific manipulation of oncogenic events in a temporally controlled manner. This approach is based on an intraductal injection of Ad-Cre into mouse MGs (and is, thus, organ-specific). Cre expression can be controlled by using different MEC subpopulation-specific promoters embedded in the adenoviral vector (e.g., Krt8 for luminal MECs, Krt5 for basal MECs, thus achieving cell-type specificity). Cancer induction in MGs can be temporally controlled by an injection of Ad-Cre into mice at different ages, starting from 3-4 weeks of age (pubertal) to the adult stage.

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Protocol

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

1. Generation and maintenance of floxed mice

  1. Obtain breast cancer-relevant floxed conditional knockout (e.g., Trp53tm1Brn [referred to as Trp53L/L], Brca1tm1Aash [Brca1L/L]) or conditional knock-in mouse lines (e.g., Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1(Pik3ca*H1047R)Egan) from The Jackson Laboratory (JAX) or NCI Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium (MMHCC) repository. In addition, to facilitate the chasing of MECs that undergo Cre-mediated recombination, a conditional Cre-reporter line can also be obtained from JAX (e.g., Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1(EYFP)Cos [referred to as R26Y]).
  2. Breed Trp53L/L homozygous mice with R26Y homozygous reporter mice or with homozygous mice carrying the R26Y reporter alleles and any additional floxed conditional knockout or knock-in alleles for different mouse models, to obtain heterozygous F1 male and female progeny.
  3. Intercross heterozygous F1 male and female mice to obtain F2 compound female mice that are homozygous for each allele (as experimental mice), as well as R26Y-only homozygous females (as control mice). Genotype F2 mice based on the PCR primers and cycling conditions listed below, by setting up two standard 20 µL PCR reactions (using Taq 5X Master Mix) in two different PCR tubes, one with the R26Y primers and the other with the Trp53L primers. Use adult mice (typically around 2–4 months of age) for all breeding.
    1. For R26Y, perform PCR at 94 °C for 3 min, then at 94 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min for 35 cycles, followed by 72 °C for 3 min, and maintaining at 14 °C. Use primers (i) R26YFP-1: AAA GTC GCT CTG AGT TGT TAT; (ii) R26YFP-2: GCG AAG AGT TTG TCC TCA ACC; (iii) R26YFP-3: GGA GCG GGA GAA ATG GAT ATG.
      NOTE: A single PCR band of 250 bp indicates an R26Y homozygote, a single PCR band of 500 bp indicates a wild-type (WT), and two PCR bands (R26Y: 250 bp, WT: 500 bp) indicate an R26Y heterozygote (Figure 1A).
      For Trp53L, perform PCR at 94 °C for 3 min, then at 94 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min for 35 cycles, followed by 72 °C for 3 min, and maintaining at 14 °C. Use primers (i) p53F2-10 1F: CAC AAA AAC AGG TTA AAC CCA G; (ii) p53F2-10 1R: AGC ACA TAG GAG GCA GAG AC.
      NOTE: A single PCR band of 370 bp indicates a Trp53L/L homozygote, a single PCR band of 288 bp indicates a Trp53+/+ WT, and two PCR bands (WT: 288 bp, Trp53L: 370 bp) indicate a Trp53L/+ heterozygote (Figure 1B).

2. Preoperative preparation

  1. Autoclave all surgical tools 1 day before the surgery.
  2. Prepare 0.1% bromophenol blue in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and store it at 4 °C. Dilute the Ad-Cre that will be used for the intraductal injection in DMEM medium with 0.01 M CaCl2 and bromophenol blue at a ratio of 1:10 (i.e., the injection mixture).
    NOTE: The Ad-Cre used here was obtained from the University of Iowa Viral Vector Core, with a stock viral titer of ~1010–1011 pfu/mL.
  3. Anesthetize the female mouse (F2 generation as described in step 1.2, age ranging from 3–4 weeks of age to adult) using an isoflurane chamber and apply eye ointment. During the procedure, anesthetize the mouse continuously by ensuring it inhales 1%–2.5% isoflurane in oxygen. Check the depth of anesthesia at least every 15 min by performing a toe pinch. Carefully monitor the mouse for any change in respiratory rate, adjusting the level of isoflurane accordingly, if needed.
  4. Inject meloxicam as analgesia subcutaneously at a dose of 5 mg/kg, prior to the surgical procedure.
  5. Expose the nipple surgical site by applying several drops of hair removal cream; remove excessive cream and loose hair using soft paper towels.
    NOTE: Perform this step in an area separate from where the surgery is to be performed. Shaving is not recommended in order to avoid damage to the nipples. Use caution to remove chemical depilatory agent in a timely fashion. Leaving the agent on for too long may result in chemical burn to the skin
  6. Disinfect the surgical site with iodophors first, followed by 70% alcohol, and end with a final application of scrub iodophors. Do this in a circular motion from the center of the work area toward the periphery using a gauze sponge or cotton-tipped applicator. Repeat the cycle 3x–4x.

3. Intraductal injection

  1. Use aseptic techniques throughout the surgical procedure.
  2. Make an incision site on the skin at a length of ~1 cm between the two fourth inguinal MGs (Figure 2). Carefully separate the skin flap (with the MG) from the parietal peritoneum so as to visualize the mammary ductal tree.
  3. Carefully hold the nipple with Watchmaker’s forceps and remove the exterior nipple without cutting any nearby skin, using a micro-dissection scissor.
  4. Load ~3–5 µL of Ad-Cre injection mixture into a 25 µL Hamilton syringe with a 33 G metal hub needle affixed. Estimate the volume of the injection mixture in the syringe based on the blue dye included in the mixture.
    NOTE: Use a smaller volume (e.g., 3 µL) when injecting into MGs of 3–4 weeks old females and a larger volume (e.g., 10 µL) when injecting into MGs of lactating females.
  5. Gently hold the edge of the skin flap with a fine curved tweezer and inject the Ad-Cre injection mixture slowly into the nipple, meanwhile monitoring the spreading of blue dye into the mammary ductal tree. Maintain the injection rate as low as possible to avoid damage to the ductal lumen.
    NOTE: Injected fluid (as illustrated by the included bromophenol blue dye) spreading throughout the entire ductal tree without leaking into the stromal compartment indicates a successful intraductal injection.
  6. Gently withdraw the needle from the nipple to avoid any leakage of the injected fluid.
  7. Examine the distal side (i.e., away from the nipple) of the MG or the surrounding area of the injected nipple. Note that swelling blue dye (i.e., dye diffusing into the nearby stroma) indicates a mammary fat pad injection rather than a successful intraductal injection.
  8. Close the surgical wounds (from step 3.2) in the skin with wound clips.

4. Postoperative care

  1. Remove the mouse from the anesthesia and place it on a heating pad inside a clean cage for recovery.
  2. Administer meloxicam subcutaneously at 5 mg/kg again, 24 h after the surgery.
  3. Monitor the general conditions of the animal and look for signs of infection at the incision site for 5 days.
  4. Wound clips are removed ~7-10 days after surgery.

5. Monitoring the development of the mammary tumor

  1. Monitor the injected mice twice weekly by palpation for any sign of mammary tumor development.
  2. Once the tumor is palpable, monitor the mouse daily and measure the tumor size until it reaches the experimental endpoint, as determined by the size (e.g., reaching 10%–15% of the mouse’s body weight) or condition (e.g., ulcerated or necrotic) of the tumor, or by the general health condition of the mouse (e.g., comatose, moribund).
  3. Euthanize the mouse by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, followed by a secondary method (e.g., cervical dislocation).
  4. Isolate the mammary tumor tissues and analyze them by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, or expression profiling (e.g., by RNA sequencing [RNAseq] or microarray), as described previously12.
  5. Perform flow cytometric analysis by gating for lineage-negative cells (Lin-: negative for lineage markers CD45 [leukocyte marker], CD31 [endothelial cell marker], and TER119 [erythrocyte marker]), and analyze the cells in the tumor based on their expression of YFP, CD24, and CD29.

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Representative Results

Representative PCR genotyping results for the R26Y and Trp53L alleles are shown in Figure 1.

Although, in principle, all 10 MGs can be subjected to the intraductal injection procedure, practically, the two fourth inguinal MGs are typically selected for injection, due to their easier accessibility and larger MG sizes (Figure 2). During the surgery, it is important to maintain a disinfected and uncluttered working area and perform the procedure with sterile tools (Figure 3). During the intraductal injection, the inclusion of a blue dye (e.g., bromophenol blue) in the injection mixture helps the visualization of a successful injection of Ad-Cre into the entire ductal tree (Figure 4). The youngest female mice in which intraductal injection (with a smaller volume of the injection mixture) can be performed successfully are those at ~3 weeks of age (Figure 4A), although for most mammary tumor induction experiments, young adult female mice (e.g., 2 months of age) are typically used (Figure 4B). In addition, intraductal injection (with a larger volume of the injection mixture) can also be performed in female mice during early/mid-gestation to target alveolar cells (Figure 4C).

In our experience, in mice with the R26Y reporter and Trp53L/L (with or without any additional conditional alleles), Cre-mediated recombination disrupted the Trp53 conditional knockout alleles (and any additional conditional knockout alleles, if used) and, meanwhile, turned on the YFP reporter (from the R26Y allele, as well as from any additional conditional knock-in allele, if used). To target different MEC subpopulations for mammary tumor induction, Ad-Cre viruses under the control of different MEC subset-specific promoters were used for injection (Figure 5). For instance, Ad-Cre under the control of Keratin 8 (Krt8) promoter (Ad-K8-Cre) was used to target luminal MECs. Previously, we reported the use of Ad-Cre under the control of the Keratin 14 (Krt14) promoter (Ad-K14-Cre) to target basal MECs13. However, as we reported, intraductal injection of Ad-K14-Cre not only targeted basal MECs but also a portion of luminal MECs13. We recently tested another Ad-Cre under the control of Keratin 5 (Krt5) promoter (Ad-K5-Cre)14 and found that it can more tightly target the basal lineage, leading to genetic marking of only basal MECs (Figure 5). The typical percentages of YFP-marked MECs from either Ad-K8-Cre or Ad-K5-Cre injection are about 0.1%-1%.

For Trp53L/L; R26Y female mice under the FVB genetic background, the intraductal injection of Ad-K8-Cre, which targets their luminal MECs, led to the development of mammary tumors several months after the injection (Figure 6A). Mice with a different genetic background (e.g., C57/B6) may exhibit a longer latency of developing mammary tumors after injection. Due to the inclusion of the conditional R26Y reporter, tumor epithelial cells were typically marked by YFP and could be detected by flow cytometry (Figure 6B); they could be enriched by the flow-sorting of YFP+ cells for further analysis.

Figure 1
Figure 1: Representative PCR genotyping results for the R26Y and Trp53L alleles. WT = wild-type; Homo = homozygote. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the intraductal injection of Ad-Cre virus into an MG. (A) Incision site in the midline between the two fourth MGs. (B) Intraductal injection of Ad-Cre with a blue dye (for better visualization) into one of the fourth MGs. (C) Closing of the incision in the skin by wound clips. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3
Figure 3: Overview of the aseptic setup for rodent surgery. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4
Figure 4: Visualization of a successful intraductal injection into the entire mammary ductal tree. (A) An example of the intraductal injection of 3 µL of injection mixture (with bromophenol blue) into an MG of a 3-week-old female mouse. (B) Intraductal injection of 5 µL of injection mixture into an MG of a young adult female mouse. (C) Intraductal injection of 10 µL of injection mixture into an MG of a female mouse at early/mid-gestation. (D) An example of a mammary fat pad injection rather than a successful intraductal injection. Intraductal injection of 5 µL of injection mixture into an MG of a young adult female mouse. (a) The skin area surrounding the injected nipple; (b) The other side of the skin flap showing the mammary fat pad; yellow circle indicates dye diffused into the fat pad.  Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 5
Figure 5: Representative plots of the flow cytometric analysis of YFP-marked cells upon intraductal injection. YFP+ populations from MGs of R26Y virgin females 3 days after an intraductal injection of Ad-K8-Cre (left, injection at a titer of 7 x 109 pfu/mL) or Ad-K5-Cre (right, injection at a titer of 7.86 x 109 pfu/mL) viruses. Plots are based on an analysis of CD24 and CD29 staining in lineage-negative (Lin-; i.e., negative for CD45, CD31, and TER119 expression) YFP+ cells. Lu = Lin-CD24highCD29low luminal MEC gate; Ba = Lin-CD24lowCD29high basal MEC gate; the gating strategy for luminal and basal MECs is based on Shackleton et al.15. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 6
Figure 6: Tumor development in Trp53L/L; R26Y female mice intraductally injected with Ad-K8-Cre. (A) One representative mouse showing tumor growth (arrows) several months after an injection with Ad-K8-Cre. (B) About 8.8% of live cells (based on DAPI staining) from a representative tumor were positive for YFP expression, based on flow cytometric analysis. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

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Discussion

The success of this approach for inducing mammary tumors from different subpopulations of MECs relies not only on choosing appropriate cell-type-specific promoters (to drive Cre expression) but also on the intraductal injection procedure itself. The idea behind this approach is that the injected Ad-Cre viruses are retained in the ductal tree, which is a concealed structure with lumen, and therefore, only MECs are exposed to the viruses and are infected by Ad-Cre. Due to the limited lumen space within the mammary ducts, it is important to only inject a small volume of the injection mixture to each MG (i.e., ~3-5 µL). The injected volume should also be adjusted based on the age of the mice (i.e., a smaller volume should be used when it is injected into 3- to 4-week-old mice). When the volume of the injected fluid is excessive due to the pressure from the injection and the limited ductal lumen space, fluid may be "pushed out" through the epithelial layers into the stroma, leading to an unwanted viral infection in stromal cells.

Since the cell-type specificity is achieved by the promoter used in the adenoviral vector to drive Cre expression, a limitation of this approach is the potential lack of an appropriate promoter to target Cre expression to a specific MEC subpopulation. We previously reported the use of pan-luminal Ad-K8-Cre virus to target luminal MECs12,13 and the use of Ad-Wap-Cre virus to target alveolar luminal progenitors5. In this study, we showed the use of Ad-K5-Cre virus to target basal MECs (Figure 5). We still lack the ability to use this approach to target the estrogen receptor-positive luminal MEC subpopulation. The adenoviral vector we used here could accommodate an insert of up to 8 kb. Thus, to develop MEC-subset-specific Ad-Cre, the promoter used to drive Cre expression could only be less than 7 kb. Practically, a large promoter fragment, even if less than 7 kb in size, may be difficult to subclone. In order to fit into the adenoviral vector, although a truncated promoter may be used, it may not faithfully recapitulate the expression pattern of its corresponding gene when under the control of the endogenous, full promoter.

The R26Y conditional reporter included in the mouse model here provided a way to mark the cells of origin and trace their progression to cancer cells. Of note, the percentage of YFP-marked cancer cells in the resulting tumor appeared to be fairly low (Figure 6B). This could be due to a possibility that, in addition to the YFP-marked tumor epithelial cells, the tumor also included many immune cells and stromal cells, which constituted the bulk of the tumor mass.

Compared to other mouse models of breast cancer, this approach leads to the mammary tumor initiation from a small number of MECs only (e.g., luminal MECs when Ad-K8-Cre is injected), often at a clonal level12. As the initiation of human tumorigenesis is likely to be clonal, this approach recapitulates that aspect of human cancer development more faithfully. In addition, even when p53 is disrupted in only a small number of MECs, loss of p53 leads to their clonal expansion, leading to the production of a larger pool of mutated MECs; this would permit further clonal evolution from the p53-deficient MECs (upon acquisition of additional somatic mutations)12. As TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human breast cancer16 and as TP53 mutation is an early event in human breast tumorigenesis17,18, by combining the Trp53 floxed mouse model with mouse models for other oncogenic events, we can study how these oncogenic events cooperate with p53 loss and how they jointly contribute to mammary tumor development from a defined cellular origin. In addition, as less breeding is needed to put multiple alleles together, this approach would minimize breeding cost and time, which should facilitate breast cancer modeling studies on a larger scale, in a shorter period.

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Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R01 CA222560 and by Department of Defense Breakthrough Award W81XWH-18-1-0037.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
33-gauge needle Hamilton 7803-05 point style 3 blunt
7mm Reflex Clip Braintree Scientific RF7 CS
Adenovirus, Ad-K5-Cre University of Iowa Viral Vector Core Ad5-bk5-Cre (VVC-Berns-1547)
Adenovirus, Ad-K8-Cre University of Iowa Viral Vector Core Ad5mK8-nlsCre
Alcohol Fisher HC800-1GAL Prepare to 70% in use
biotinylated CD31 eBiosciences 13-0311-85
biotinylated CD45 eBiosciences 13-0451-85
biotinylated TER119 eBiosciences 13-5921-85
Bromophenol Blue Sigma-Aldrich B0126-25G
CD24-AF-700 BD Pharmingen 564237
CD24-PE eBiosciences 12-0242-83
CD29-APC eBiosciences 17-0291-82
CD29-PE eBiosciences 12-0291-82
Hair Remover Lotion Nair 9 Oz
Hamilton syringe Hamilton 7636-01 0.025 mL
Iodophors Betadine 10% Povidone-iodine
Isoflurane Baxter NDC 10019-360-40 1-2.5%
Loxicam Norbrook NDC 55529-040-10 5 mg/ml
Lubricant Eye Ointment Akorn NDC 17478-062-35
Micro-dissecting scissors Pentair 9M Watchmaker's Forceps
Micro-dissecting tweezers Dumont M5
Taq 5X Master Mix New England Biolabs M0285L

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References

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  3. Jonkers, J., et al. Synergistic tumor suppressor activity of BRCA2 and p53 in a conditional mouse model for breast cancer. Nature Genetics. 29 (4), 418-425 (2001).
  4. van Bragt, M. P., Hu, X., Xie, Y., Li, Z. RUNX1, a transcription factor mutated in breast cancer, controls the fate of ER-positive mammary luminal cells. eLife. 3, e03881 (2014).
  5. Tao, L., van Bragt, M. P., Li, Z. A Long-Lived Luminal Subpopulation Enriched with Alveolar Progenitors Serves as Cellular Origin of Heterogeneous Mammary Tumors. Stem Cell Reports. 5 (1), 60-74 (2015).
  6. Xu, X., et al. Conditional mutation of Brca1 in mammary epithelial cells results in blunted ductal morphogenesis and tumour formation. Nature Genetics. 22 (1), 37-43 (1999).
  7. Li, Z., et al. ETV6-NTRK3 fusion oncogene initiates breast cancer from committed mammary progenitors via activation of AP1 complex. Cancer Cell. 12 (6), 542-558 (2007).
  8. Liu, X., et al. Somatic loss of BRCA1 and p53 in mice induces mammary tumors with features of human BRCA1-mutated basal-like breast cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (29), 12111-12116 (2007).
  9. Molyneux, G., et al. BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 7 (3), 403-417 (2010).
  10. Koren, S., et al. PIK3CA induces multipotency and multi-lineage mammary tumours. Nature. 525 (7567), 114-118 (2015).
  11. Van Keymeulen, A., et al. Reactivation of multipotency by oncogenic PIK3CA induces breast tumour heterogeneity. Nature. 525 (7567), 119-123 (2015).
  12. Tao, L., Xiang, D., Xie, Y., Bronson, R. T., Li, Z. Induced p53 loss in mouse luminal cells causes clonal expansion and development of mammary tumours. Nature Communications. 8, 14431 (2017).
  13. Tao, L., van Bragt, M. P. A., Laudadio, E., Li, Z. Lineage Tracing of Mammary Epithelial Cells Using Cell-Type-Specific Cre-Expressing Adenoviruses. Stem Cell Reports. 2 (6), 770-779 (2014).
  14. Sutherland, K. D., et al. Cell of origin of small cell lung cancer: inactivation of Trp53 and Rb1 in distinct cell types of adult mouse lung. Cancer Cell. 19 (6), 754-764 (2011).
  15. Shackleton, M., et al. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature. 439 (7072), 84-88 (2006).
  16. The Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 490 (7418), 61-70 (2012).
  17. Nik-Zainal, S., et al. The life history of 21 breast cancers. Cell. 149 (5), 994-1007 (2012).
  18. Abba, M. C., et al. A Molecular Portrait of High-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. Cancer Research. 75 (18), 3980-3990 (2015).

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Modeling Breast Cancer Intraductal Injection Cre-expressing Adenovirus Mouse Mammary Gland Mouse Model Mammary Epithelial Cells Developmental Stage Tissue Cell Type Specific Manner Mouse Breeding Floxed Mice Anesthesia Meloxicam Analgesia Surgical Procedure Hair Removal Cream Disinfect Iodophors Alcohol Aseptic Techniques Incision Site
Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland
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Cite this Article

Xiang, D., Tao, L., Li, Z. Modeling… More

Xiang, D., Tao, L., Li, Z. Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland. J. Vis. Exp. (148), e59502, doi:10.3791/59502 (2019).

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