Name: Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-01-08T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 26 s
Description: Learn hydrodynamic renal pelvis injection for kidney-specific protein expression in adult mice. This reproducible method enables targeted plasmid DNA delivery to study gene function in nephrology research.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

A Career Development Award from the Department of Veterans Affairs [BX002797] supported L.E.W. and the National Institutes of Health [R01-DK095867] and American Heart Association [15GRNT25700209] supported J.C. The National Institutes of Health [DK093660], Department of Veterans Affairs [BX002190], and the Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease supported M.H.W. This material is the result of work supported with resources and use of facilities at the VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System.

<ol><li>Liu, F., Song, Y., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hydrodynamics-based+transfection+in+animals+by+systemic+administration+of+plasmid+DNA%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA.</a> Gene Ther. 6 (7), 1258-1266 (1999).</li>
<li>Zhang, G., Budker, V., Wolff, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((High+levels+of+foreign+gene+expression+in+hepatocytes+after+tail+vein+injections+of+naked+plasmid+DNA%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Human+Gene+Therapy%22%5BJournal%5D)">High levels of foreign gene expression in hepatocytes after tail vein injections of naked plasmid DNA.</a> Human Gene Therapy. 10, 1735-1737 (1999).</li>
<li>Fumoto, S., Nishimura, K., Nishida, K., Kawakami, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Three-Dimensional+Imaging+of+the+Intracellular+Fate+of+Plasmid+DNA+and+Transgene+Expression%3A+ZsGreen1+and+Tissue+Clearing+Method+CUBIC+Are+an+Optimal+Combination+for+Multicolor+Deep+Imaging+in+Murine+Tissues%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Intracellular Fate of Plasmid DNA and Transgene Expression: ZsGreen1 and Tissue Clearing Method CUBIC Are an Optimal Combination for Multicolor Deep Imaging in Murine Tissues.</a> PLoS One. 11 (1), e0148233(2016).</li>
<li>Yoshino, H., Hashizume, K., Kobayashi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Naked+plasmid+DNA+transfer+to+the+porcine+liver+using+rapid+injection+with+large+volume%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Naked plasmid DNA transfer to the porcine liver using rapid injection with large volume.</a> Gene Ther. 13 (24), 1696-1702 (2006).</li>
<li>Kamimura, K., Suda, T., Xu, W., Zhang, G., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Image-guided%2C+lobe-specific+hydrodynamic+gene+delivery+to+swine+liver%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Image-guided, lobe-specific hydrodynamic gene delivery to swine liver.</a> Mol Ther. 17 (3), 491-499 (2009).</li>
<li>Kamimura, K., Zhang, G., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Image-guided%2Cintravascular+hydrodynamic+gene+delivery+to+skeletal+muscle+in+pigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Image-guided,intravascular hydrodynamic gene delivery to skeletal muscle in pigs.</a> Mol Ther. 18 (1), 93-100 (2010).</li>
<li>Suda, T., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hydrodynamic+gene+delivery%3A+its+principles+and+applications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol.Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hydrodynamic gene delivery: its principles and applications.</a> Mol.Ther. 15 (12), 2063-2069 (2007).</li>
<li>Alino, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Naked+DNA+delivery+to+whole+pig+cardiac+tissue+by+coronary+sinus+retrograde+injection+employing+non-invasive+catheterization%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Gene+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Naked DNA delivery to whole pig cardiac tissue by coronary sinus retrograde injection employing non-invasive catheterization.</a> J Gene Med. 12 (11), 920-926 (2010).</li>
<li>Suda, T., Gao, X., Stolz, D. B., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+impact+of+hydrodynamic+injection+on+mouse+liver%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural impact of hydrodynamic injection on mouse liver.</a> Gene Ther. 14 (2), 129-137 (2007).</li>
<li>Skrypnyk, N. I., Harris, R. C., de Caestecker, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ischemia-reperfusion+model+of+acute+kidney+injury+and+post+injury+fibrosis+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ischemia-reperfusion model of acute kidney injury and post injury fibrosis in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (78), (2013).</li>
<li>Woodard, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Kidney-specific+transposon-mediated+gene+transfer+in+vivo%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Kidney-specific transposon-mediated gene transfer in vivo.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 44904(2017).</li>
<li>Liang, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Loss+of+glutathione+S-transferase+A4+accelerates+obstruction-induced+tubule+damage+and+renal+fibrosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Pathology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Loss of glutathione S-transferase A4 accelerates obstruction-induced tubule damage and renal fibrosis.</a> Journal of Pathology. 228 (4), 448-458 (2012).</li>
<li>Liang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Protective+role+of+insulin-like+growth+factor-1+receptor+in+endothelial+cells+against+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction-induced+renal+fibrosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Pathol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Protective role of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in endothelial cells against unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis.</a> Am J Pathol. 185 (5), 1234-1250 (2015).</li>
<li>Corridon, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+method+to+facilitate+and+monitor+expression+of+exogenous+genes+in+the+rat+kidney+using+plasmid+and+viral+vectors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Renal+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A method to facilitate and monitor expression of exogenous genes in the rat kidney using plasmid and viral vectors.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 304 (9), F1217-F1229 (2013).</li>
<li>Wallace, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Tracking+kidney+volume+in+mice+with+polycystic+kidney+disease+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Kidney+Int%22%5BJournal%5D)">Tracking kidney volume in mice with polycystic kidney disease by magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Kidney Int. 73 (6), 778-781 (2008).</li>
<li>Woodard, L. E., Wilson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((piggyBac-ing+models+and+new+therapeutic+strategies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+Biotechnol%22%5BJournal%5D)">piggyBac-ing models and new therapeutic strategies.</a> Trends Biotechnol. 33 (9), 525-533 (2015).</li>
<li>Yeikilis, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hydrodynamics+based+transfection+in+normal+and+fibrotic+rats%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22World+J+Gastroenterol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hydrodynamics based transfection in normal and fibrotic rats.</a> World J Gastroenterol. 12 (38), 6149-6155 (2006).</li>
<li>Thalhofer, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((In+vivo+imaging+of+transgenic+Leishmania+parasites+in+a+live+host%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">In vivo imaging of transgenic Leishmania parasites in a live host.</a> J Vis Exp. (41), (2010).</li>
<li>Wooddell, C. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Muscle+damage+after+delivery+of+naked+plasmid+DNA+into+skeletal+muscles+is+batch+dependent%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Hum+Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Muscle damage after delivery of naked plasmid DNA into skeletal muscles is batch dependent.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 22 (2), 225-235 (2011).</li>
<li>Crespo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hydrodynamic+liver+gene+transfer+mechanism+involves+transient+sinusoidal+blood+stasis+and+massive+hepatocyte+endocytic+vesicles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hydrodynamic liver gene transfer mechanism involves transient sinusoidal blood stasis and massive hepatocyte endocytic vesicles.</a> Gene Ther. 12 (11), 927-935 (2005).</li>
<li>Rocca, C. J., Ur, S. N., Harrison, F., Cherqui, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((rAAV9+combined+with+renal+vein+injection+is+optimal+for+kidney-targeted+gene+delivery%3A+conclusion+of+a+comparative+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Gene+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">rAAV9 combined with renal vein injection is optimal for kidney-targeted gene delivery: conclusion of a comparative study.</a> Gene Ther. 21 (6), 618-628 (2014).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose and declare no conflict of interest.

In this protocol a robust method for achieving reproducible gene expression specifically in the kidney is described. In the hands of a moderately experienced surgeon we have found the percentage of mice transfected by this technique to be in the range of 50-100%, depending on mouse age and the sensitivity of the readout of the transgene. The level of luciferase gene expression was above background for several months in mice receiving piggyBac transposons and completely maintained for several weeks in immunocompr...

The hydrodynamic tail vein injection technique has become a commonly used way to achieve high levels of gene expression in mouse liver1,2. The kidneys are also transfected by this technique at a much lower level, approximately 100-fold less3. The hydrodynamic renal pelvis injection described here provides a simple way to control the specificity of organ expression through physical means using the same hydrodynamic principles that have been established previously in liver4,5, muscle6, and other organs7,8. This method transfects cells in live animals in vivo by using pressure and speed to force fluid containing DNA into the cells, simultaneously inducing damage to the organ that is quickly resolved9. Using well-established surgical techniques to visualize the kidney via a flank incision10 along with a single injection by insulin syringe, we have found successful transfection of various types of kidney cells, mainly interstitial fibroblasts, tubules, and collecting duct11. Dissection of these mice has shown that other organs are not transfected at levels high enough to visualize by luciferase imaging techniques11. Since the technique is non-viral, use of plasmid DNA for transfection permits fast and easy preparation of the reagents required for injection.
We have used localized hydrodynamic injections to express the antioxidant glutathione S-transferase A4, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, and the hormone erythropoietin in the kidney, all with the expected biological effects11,12,13. Detailed evaluation of route of administration, injection volume, DNA dosage, and promoter choice has been performed11. Additionally, both the piggyBac transposon system and/or cyclophosphamide treatment to suppress the immune reaction to the transgene have been shown to improve long-term gene expression outcomes11. Other investigators have used a renal vein approach in rat with success, achieving high transfection efficiency for time periods of greater than one month14. However, genetic correction of phenotypes mimicking human disease are usually performed in mice first as a proof-of-concept since most mammalian genetic models are mouse models. We compared renal vein injection to renal pelvis injection and found that injection into the renal pelvis was superior to the renal vein for gene expression (approximately ten-fold higher) and survival11. The renal pelvis is an ideal route of entry into the kidney because it is flexible enough to tolerate fluctuations in urine production and is often able to maintain its structural integrity even when dilated during hydronephrosis. Additionally, injection into the renal pelvis allowed access to the kidney without piercing the kidney capsule, allowing the injected fluid to be visibly retained by the kidney better than intraparenchymal injection. Other mouse organs do not have a route of entry other than the vasculature, but the urinary space of the kidney is an ideal injection site. Additionally, injection into the renal vein resulted in leakage of blood into the abdominal cavity. The total kidney volume of wild-type mouse kidneys has been estimated by magnetic resonance imaging to be approximately 0.2 cm3, so the volume of a single kidney is approximately equal to the amount of fluid injected by renal pelvis hydrodynamic injection (100 &#181;L)15. Herein, we have made available all of the detailed nuances of the hydrodynamic renal pelvis injection protocol to achieve reproducible transfection of the kidney.

<table><tbody><tr><td>AnaSed Xylazine</td><td>Patterson Veterinary</td><td>07-808-1947</td><td>Anesthetic - Not controlled substance</td></tr><tr><td>BD Insulin Syringe 0.5 mL 29G 1/2 Inch</td><td>Cardinal Health</td><td>309306</td><td>Required syringes</td></tr><tr><td>Buprenex</td><td>Pharmacist/Veterinarian</td><td></td><td>Analgesia - Controlled Substance</td></tr><tr><td>Dynarex Disposable Towel Drape</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>19-310-671</td><td>Place over heat pad</td></tr><tr><td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12362</td><td>Use only endotoxin-free plasmid DNA</td></tr><tr><td>Endosafe Gel-Clot LAL Rapid Positive Control</td><td>Charles River</td><td>PC200</td><td>Positive control for endotoxin test</td></tr><tr><td>Endosafe Gel-Clot LAL Rapid Single Test Vial</td><td>Charles River</td><td>R13500</td><td>Endotoxin test</td></tr><tr><td>Extra Fine Micro Dissecting Scissors</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS-5882</td><td>Surgical tool</td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Instant Sealing Sterilization Pouch - 9&quot;</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>01-812-51</td><td>For autoclaving surgical tools</td></tr><tr><td>Gaymar Heat Pump</td><td>Paragon Medical</td><td>TP-700</td><td>Water-circulating heat pump</td></tr><tr><td>Germinator 500</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>DS-401</td><td>To reuse surgical tools during surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Graefe Forceps</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS-5136</td><td>Surgical tool</td></tr><tr><td>Graefe Tissue Forceps</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS-5153</td><td>Surgical tool</td></tr><tr><td>Halsey Needle Holder, 5&quot; Length</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td><td>RS-7841</td><td>Surgical tool</td></tr><tr><td>Heat pads - 15&quot; x 21&quot; - need at least 3</td><td>Paragon Medical</td><td>TP22G</td><td>For use with Gaymar Heat Pump</td></tr><tr><td>IsoFlo (Isoflurane, USP)</td><td>Abbott Animal Health</td><td>5260-04-05</td><td>For imaging and euthanasia</td></tr><tr><td>Isotec Isoflurane Delivery System Vaporizor</td><td>Smiths Medical</td><td>VCT3K2</td><td>For imaging and euthanasia</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Pharmacist/Veterinarian</td><td></td><td>Anesthetic - Controlled Substance</td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td><td>34120</td><td>Laboratory tissues</td></tr><tr><td>Living Image software</td><td>Caliper Life Sciences</td><td></td><td>For live animal imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Luciferin</td><td>Perkin Elmer</td><td>122796</td><td>For live animal imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop 2000</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>ND-2000-US-CAN</td><td>Spectrophotometer for DNA measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Prevantics Swabs</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>23-100-110</td><td>For skin surgery prep</td></tr><tr><td>Prolene 5-0 sutures Taper 30&quot;</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC0256891</td><td>Non-absorbable sutures for skin</td></tr><tr><td>Puralube Brand Opthalmic Ointment</td><td>Patterson Veterinary</td><td>07-888-2572</td><td>To keep eyes moist during surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Trans IT - QR Hydrodynamic Delivery Solution</td><td>Mirus Bio</td><td>MIR-5240</td><td>Hydrodynamic delivery buffer for diluting DNA</td></tr><tr><td>Vicryl 5-0 Sutures J303H</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9816710</td><td>Absorbable sutures for muscle layer</td></tr><tr><td>Wahl Mini Arco Clipper</td><td>Med-Vet International</td><td>8787-1550</td><td>Shaver for skin prep</td></tr><tr><td>Xenogen IVIS 200</td><td>Caliper Life Sciences</td><td></td><td>For live animal imaging</td></tr></tbody></table>

hydrodynamic renal pelvis injection for non-viral expression of proteins in the kidney

Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney

Hydrodynamic injection creates a local, high-pressure environment to transfect various tissues with plasmid DNA and other substances. Hydrodynamic tail vein injection, for example, is a well-established method by which the liver can be transfected. This manuscript describes an application of hydrodynamic principles by injection of the mouse kidney directly with plasmid DNA for kidney-specific gene expression. Mice are anesthetized and the kidney is exposed by a flank incision followed by a fast injection of a plasmid DNA-containing solution directly into the renal pelvis. The needle is kept in place for ten seconds and the incision site is sutured. The following day, live animal imaging, Western blot, or immunohistochemistry may be used to assay gene expression, or other assays suited to the transgene of choice are used for detection of the protein of interest. Published methods to prolong gene expression include transposon-mediated transgene integration and cyclophosphamide treatment to inhibit the immune response to the transgene.

The surgery and injection technique are simple to perform once mastered, requiring no major equipment or expensive materials. If new to flank-incision kidney surgery, one training day on several mice scheduled for euthanasia should be allowed in which the mice are not recovered following surgery because the first attempt at this surgery may take much longer than normal. Alternatively, investigators familiar with similar techniques may find it quite simple. Carefully follow the illustratio...

This protocol describes a method to inject plasmid DNA into the mouse kidney via the renal pelvis to produce transgene expression specifically in the kidney.

Hydrodynamic injection creates a local, high-pressure environment to transfect various tissues with plasmid DNA and other substances. Hydrodynamic tail ...

hydrodynamic-renal-pelvis-injection-for-non-viral-expression-proteins

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Source: Gupta, K., et al. Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the intrarenal injection of E. coli into the renal pelvis of an anesthetized rat to induce a localized kidney infection, modeling acute pyelonephritis. It highlights key surgical steps and aseptic techniques necessary for establishing a reproducible in vivo infection model for downstream analysis.

Intrarenal Injection of E. coli into the Renal Pelvis of a Rat

Source: Van Lidth de Jeude, et al. A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the process of producing viral particles through transfection of embryonic kidney cells with plasmid–polyethylenimine complexes, which leads to viral genome expression, particle assembly, and virus collection in the medium.

Polyethylenimine-Mediated Transfection of Embryonic Kidney Cells for Recombinant Virus Production

In this video, we present the protocol for hydrodynamic injection of plasmids into the renal pelvis of the mouse kidney for nucleic acid transfection. This technique allows organ-specific delivery of plasmids by utilizing the principle of high hydrostatic pressure, which forcefully drives the plasmids into the specific site without causing tissue injury.

Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection: A Technique to Directly Deliver DNA into Kidney Cells of Murine Model

In this video, we demonstrate intra-renal drug administration in rats via the renal artery. This method is beneficial in improving drug targeting, drug potency, and minimizing systemic toxicity.

Intrarenal Drug Delivery in Rats: A Method to Deliver Therapeutic Drugs in Rat Kidney via Intra-arterial Injection

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The administration of drugs for recovery of kidney function requires control of the localization and distribution of the therapeutic compound. Here, we describe in detail a simple technique for intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats. This procedure may be easily performed with no mortality and high reproducibility.

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

This manuscript describes a rat surgical model of pyelonephritis using direct intra-renal infection by Escherichia coli into the renal pelvis. The experimental procedure can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis as well as the associated inflammation and fibrosis.

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

This manuscript describes a method for targeted delivery to a single kidney via a catheter placed in the infrarenal abdominal aorta in the mouse.

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

Here, we deliver exogenous artificially synthesized miRNA mimics to the kidney via tail vein injection of a nonviral vector and polyethylenimine nanoparticles in several kidney disease mouse models. This led to significant overexpression of target miRNA in the kidney, resulting in inhibited progression of kidney disease in several mouse models.

Delivery of Exogenous Artificially Synthesized miRNA Mimic to the Kidney Using Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles in Several Kidney Disease Mouse Models

This report details the localized injection method of AAV vectors via the renal pelvis for effective and safe gene transfer into the mouse kidney.

Effective and Safe Gene Delivery to the Mouse Kidney via Slow Retrograde Renal Pelvis Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors

Learn hydrodynamic renal pelvis injection for kidney-specific protein expression in adult mice. This reproducible method enables targeted plasmid DNA delivery to study gene function in nephrology research.

Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney

Explore More Videos