Large-Scale Gravitaxis Assay of Caenorhabditis Dauer Larvae

Summary

The present protocol outlines methods for conducting a large-scale gravitaxis assay with Caenorhabditis dauer larvae. This protocol allows for better detection of gravitaxis behavior compared with a plate-based assay.

Abstract

Gravity sensation is an important and relatively understudied process. Sensing gravity enables animals to navigate their surroundings and facilitates movement. Additionally, gravity sensation, which occurs in the mammalian inner ear, is closely related to hearing - thus, understanding this process has implications for auditory and vestibular research. Gravitaxis assays exist for some model organisms, including Drosophila. Single worms have previously been assayed for their orientation preference as they settle in solution. However, a reliable and robust assay for Caenorhabditis gravitaxis has not been described. The present protocol outlines a procedure for performing gravitaxis assays that can be used to test hundreds of Caenorhabditis dauers at a time. This large-scale, long-distance assay allows for detailed data collection, revealing phenotypes that may be missed on a standard plate-based assay. Dauer movement along the vertical axis is compared with horizontal controls to ensure that directional bias is due to gravity. Gravitactic preference can then be compared between strains or experimental conditions. This method can determine molecular, cellular, and environmental requirements for gravitaxis in worms.

Introduction

Sensing Earth's gravitational pull is crucial for many organisms' orientation, movement, coordination, and balance. However, the molecular mechanisms and neurocircuitry of gravity sensation are poorly understood compared with other senses. In animals, gravity sensation interacts with and can be outcompeted by other stimuli to influence behavior. Visual cues, proprioceptive feedback, and vestibular information can be integrated to generate a sense of body awareness relative to an animal's surroundings^1,2. Conversely, gravitactic preference can be altered in the presence of other stimuli

Protocol

The strains used in the present study are C. elegans (N2) and C. briggsae (AF16) (see Table of Materials). A mixed-sex population of dauers was used for each assay.

1. Chamber preparation

1. Work in a fume hood. Set up the workspace with a Bunsen burner, 1-2 razorblades, pliers, tweezers, and a plastic cutting surface (see Table of Materials).
2. For each chamber, gather two 5 mL serological pipettes. Remove the cotton plug from one pipette with tweezers. Hold a razorblade over the Bunsen burner until hot using pliers. Use the heated blade to slice off the ....

Results

Comparing gravitaxis across species
Following the procedure outlined above, C. briggsae dauer gravitaxis can be compared with C. elegans gravitaxis and horizontal controls. The vertical distribution (maroon) of C. briggsae dauers is skewed toward the tops of the chambers, with a large percentage of worms reaching +7 (Figure 2A). Contrasted with horizontal controls (aqua), in which dauers are distributed in a roughly bell-shaped curve around the.......

Discussion

Comparison with prior methods
Unlike chemotaxis, gravitaxis in Caenorhabditis cannot be reliably observed using a traditional agar plate experimental design. A standard Petri dish is 150 mm in diameter, resulting in only 75 mm available in either direction for dauers to demonstrate gravitaxis preference. Although C. elegans' orientational preference can be assayed in solution¹², this method is low throughput as worms must be analyzed one at a time. Addi.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate solution			From stock 10% (w/v) SDS in DI water
15 mL Centrifuge tubes	Falcon	14-959-53A
3 mm Hex key			Other similar sized metal tools may be used
4% Agar in Normal Growth Medium (NGM) - 1 L			Prior to autoclaving: 3 g NaCl, 40 g Agar, 2.5 g Peptone, 2 g Dextrose, 10 mL Uracil (2 mg/mL), 500 μL Cholesterol (10 mg/mL), 1 mL CaCl2, 962 mL DI water; After autoclaving: 24.5 mL Phosphate Buffer, 1 mL 1 MgSO4 (1 M), 1 mL Streptomycin (200 mg/mL)
5 mL Serological pipettes	Fisherbrand	S68228C	Polystyrene, not borosilicate glass
60% Cold sucrose solution			60% sucrose (w/v) in DI water; sterilize by filtration (0.45 μm filter). Keep at 4 °C
AF16 C. briggsae or other experimental strain			Available from the CGC (Caenorhabditis Genetics Center)
Bunsen burner
Cling-wrap	Fisherbrand	22-305654
Clinical centrifuge
Disposable razor blades	Fisherbrand	12-640
Faraday cage			Can be constructed using cardboard and aluminum foil; 30" L x 6" W x 26" H or larger
Ink markers			Sharpie or other brand for marking on plastic
Labeling tape	Carolina	215620
M9 buffer			22 mM KH2PO4, 42 mM Na2HPO4, 86 mM NaCl
N2 C. elegans strain			Available from the CGC (Caenorhabditis Genetics Center)
NGM plates with OP50			1.7% (w/v) agar in NGM (see description: 4% agar in NGM). Seed with OP50
Paraffin film	Bemis	13-374-10
Plastic cutting board
Pliers
Rotating vertical mixer	BTLab SYSTEMS	BT913	With 22 x 15 mL tube bar
Serological pipettor	Corning	357469
Stereo Microscope	Laxco	S2103LS100
Tally counter	ULINE	H-7350
Thick NGM/agar plate media - 1 L			See 4% Agar in NGM recipe; replace 40 g Agar with 20 g Agar
Tweezers