Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

Summary

In vitro analysis of class switch recombination in mice is challenging due to cytophilic IgE molecules bound to Fc receptors on the surface of B cells. We describe a method for IgE detection using trypsin-mediated cleavage of surface-bound IgE prior to fixation and permeabilization for cytoplasmic fluorescence staining.

Abstract

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to FcεRII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.

Introduction

During immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) in mice and humans, the IgH μ constant region exons (Cμ) are deleted and replaced by one of several sets of downstream constant region exons (C_Hs) (e.g. Cγ, Cε, and Cα), resulting in a switch from the production of IgM to the production of other Ig classes (e.g. IgG, IgE, or IgA). CSR occurs within switch (S) regions, which are 1-10 kb sequences located 5’ to each set of C_Hs¹. The Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) enzyme initiates CSR via cytidine deamination activity.

IgE is a key mediator of allergic disease² and a greater understanding of how IgE is produced and regulated may open doors to new therapeutic approaches to atopic disease. In mice and humans, IgE is the most tightly regulated Ig isotype. IgE is normally detected at levels thousands of times less than other IgH isotypes³, but can be highly elevated in disease states⁴. However, CSR to IgE is incompletely understood. In vitro activation of B cells using IL-4 in combination with either anti-CD40 or LPS, induces CSR to both IgG1 and IgE⁵. Activated B cells express the low affinity IgE receptor FcεRII/CD23^2,6, which binds soluble IgE secreted in culture after CSR. Therefore when analyzing with flow cytometry, B cells with receptor-bound IgE stain similarly to B cells endogenously expressing IgE⁷. While it is known that mouse B cells express the low affinity IgG receptor FcγRIIB1 (CD32)⁸, in our experience it does not appear to interfere with measurement of class switching to IgG1. However, when measuring IgE switching after B cell activation in culture, nonspecific surface-bound IgE may obscure the analysis. With common staining methods, non-IgE-expressing cells stain positively for IgE.

Outlined here is a strategy that has been utilized to conduct CSR assays and detect true IgE-expressing B cells from mice^9–11. Treatment of activated B cells with trypsin, a common lab reagent to digest protein, removes both cytophylic and membrane bound surface IgE. Subsequent permeabilization and staining for cytoplasmic IgE thus reveals the true IgE-producing cells.

Protocol

NOTE: All experiments described here were in accordance with The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines and approved by Animal Research Children’s Hospital (ARCH), Boston, Mass.

1. Preparation of Reagents

1. 1,000x IL-4 Stock: Dilute IL-4 cytokine to 20 µg/ml in H₂O or 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Dispense in 200 µl aliquots to 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and store at -20 °C.
2. 1,000x anti-CD40: Obtain from the manufacturer at 1.0 mg/ml, store at 4 °C.
3. B cell stimulation media: To 425 ml of RPMI-1640 medium, add 75 ml of freshly thawed fetal calf serum (FCS), 10 ml of 1.0 M HEPES buffer, 5 ml L-glutamine stock, 5 ml Penicillin:Streptomycin stock, 5 ml Minimum Essential Medium Non-Essential Amino Acids (MEM-NEAA), and 3.5 µl of 2-mercaptoethanol. Keep media at 4 ˚C for up to a week. Add IL-4 (20 ng/ml) and anti-CD40 (1.0 µg/ml) immediately before use only to the volume of media required.
4. 2% FCS-FACS Buffer: Add 10 ml of FCS to 490 ml of 1x PBS. Keep at 4 °C.
5. 2x trypsin-EDTA solution: Dilute 5 ml of 10x trypsin-EDTA stock solution (5.0 g trypsin, 2.0 g EDTA per liter) in 20 ml of 1x PBS. Store trypsin-EDTA in 2x working aliquots at 4 °C. Allow to warm to room temperature before use.
6. Fetal calf serum: Keep thawed FCS at 4 ˚C for up to two weeks. Place on ice 15 min before the cytoplasmic staining procedure.
7. Neutral-buffered formalin: Prepare a 10% formalin solution (3.7% paraformaldehyde). Formalin is toxic and therefore handle it under a laboratory fume hood while wearing appropriate PPE. Store formalin at room temperature in a chemical storage cabinet.
8. Methanol: Store absolute methanol (100%) at -20 °C until the cells are ready to be permeabilized. Note that methanol is flammable and should be stored in an appropriate freezer.

2. Purification and Activation of B Cells

1. From a freshly-harvested mouse spleen, prepare a single cell suspension by gently pressing the organ through a 70 µm cell strainer with the plunger of a 3 ml syringe. In a 15 ml conical centrifuge tube, collect cells in 10 ml of 1x PBS and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
2. Decant the supernatant and resuspend pellet in 1 ml of Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer for 5 min. Neutralize with 13.5 ml of 1x PBS and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min.
3. (Optional) Magnetically separate the B cells using anti-CD45R(B220)-labeled beads, following the MACS purification protocol according to manufacturer’s instructions.
4. Stimulate purified B cells at 1.0 x 10⁶ cells/ml in warmed B cell stimulation media containing IL-4 (20 ng/ml) and anti-CD40 (1.0 µg/ml) for 5 days at 37 °C. Start with 8 ml of culture divided into 2 wells of a 6-well culture plate (4 ml each).
5. Check culture daily to maintain at 1.0 x 10⁶ cells/ml. Adjust the concentration by splitting into other wells and diluting the culture with B cell stimulation media containing fresh IL-4 and anti-CD40.

3. Trypsinization, Fixation, and Permeabilization

1. Trypsinization
   1. Collect up to 1.0 x 10⁷ of cultured cells in a 15 ml conical tube, centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min, and decant the supernatant.
   2. Wash with 10 ml of PBS to remove the residual protein from the cell collection media. Repeat the centrifugation step and decant the supernatant.
   3. Resuspend the cell pellet in the residual volume after decanting (about 100 μl).
   4. Carefully add 800 μl of room temperature 0.1% (2x) trypsin-EDTA to the cells. Dispense slowly at a 45° angle down the side of the conical tube.
   5. Close the tube and mix gently by tilting the tube so the liquid runs along the length of the tube 5-6 times. A stringy, white precipitate may form in the solution. Limit the trypsinization time to under a min.
   6. Quench the trypsinization reaction with 1 ml of cold FCS. Dilute the FCS immediately by adding 10 ml of cold PBS.
   7. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min at 4 °C, then decant the supernatant and return the tubes to ice.
2. Fixation
   1. Resuspend the cells in the residual volume after decanting. If necessary, bring volume up to 100 μl with cold PBS.
   2. In a fume hood, add 800 μl of 10% neutral buffered formalin solution to the cells and pipet up and down. The tube will warm upon the addition of formalin. Incubate at 37 °C for 10 min.
3. Permeabilization
   1. Set up a benchtop vortex mixer at a gentle shaking speed.
   2. Draw 9 ml of cold (-20 °C) methanol into a 10 ml serological pipet.
   3. Hold the tube containing the cells over the vortex mixer and gently start shaking the cells.
   4. Add cold methanol to the tube so it falls dropwise onto the cells while the tube is still shaking so that the methanol is continuously mixing. After the first 2 ml of methanol the dispensing speed can be increased to a slow stream.
   5. Let the tube sit on ice for 30 min to complete the permeabilization. Alternatively, the cells can be stored at -20 °C for up to a month.

4. Fluorescence Staining for IgG1 and IgE Class Switching

1. Centrifuge sample at 300 x g for 5 min and decant the methanol solution. A white precipitate may pellet with the cells.
2. Add 10 ml of room temperature 1x PBS and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min to wash cells. Repeat once. Note: Washing the pellet with room temperature PBS dissolves extra precipitate that may form after step 4.1.
3. Perform an additional wash with 10 ml of 2% FCS-FACS buffer.
4. Distribute samples to a 96-well round bottom plate and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min. Decant supernatant and put the plate on ice.
5. Stain in 60 µl of 2% FCS-FACS buffer per well with the following antibody dilutions: Anti-IgM RPE/Cy7, 1:200, Anti-IgG1 PE, 1:600, Anti-IgE FITC, 1:100, Anti-CD45R(B220) PerCP-Cy5.5, 1:200
6. After 5 min of staining, wash the plate with 150 µl of 2% FCS-FACS buffer and centrifuge for 5 min at 300 x g.
7. Resuspend in 400 µl of 2% FCS-FACS buffer and pipet through a 40 µm nylon cell strainer into a 5 ml FACS tube.

5. Use the Following Gating Strategy:

1. Isolate CD45R(B220) positive cells from the blasting lymphocyte population located on the FSC/SSC plot (Figure 1).
2. From the B220 positive cells, use the IgE and IgG1 plot to reveal the corresponding populations.

Results

This procedure has been successfully implemented to study CSR to IgE in mouse B cells. To demonstrate the efficiency in measuring CSR, we stimulated mouse splenic B cells with anti-CD40 and IL-4 as described previously¹¹. After five days of stimulation, cells were collected and processed using the protocol described above and stained with fluorescently-labeled IgM, IgG1, IgE, and B220 (CD45R) antibodies. Gated on the blasting lymphocytes (Figure 1), a clear population of IgE+ cells cannot be c...

Discussion

Stimulation of mouse splenic B cells in culture with anti-CD40 and IL-4 will simulate T helper type 2 (T_H2) interactions, encouraging class switching to IgG1 and IgE⁵. B cells can be activated for CSR in the context of total splenocytes¹² or as purified splenic B cells¹¹. As noted in the protocol (step 2.3), B cell enrichment is optional, and is at the discretion of the experimenter to determine if it would beneficial. Positive magnetic separation of B cells using CD45R(B220)-l...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Anti-Mouse IgE FITC	BD Pharmingen	553415	clone R35-72
Rat Anti-Mouse IgG1 PE	BD Pharmingen	550083	clone A85-1
Methanol	BDH	BDH1135-4LP	Keep at -20 °C
Falcon Cell Strainer 40 µm Nylon	Corning	352340
Falcon Cell Strainer 70 µm Nylon	Corning	352350
Anti-Hu/Mo CD45R(B220) PerCP-Cy5.5	eBioscience	45-4052-82	clone RA3-6B2
anti-Mouse/Rat CD40	eBioscience	16-0402-85	clone HM40-3
RPMI Medium 1640	Gibco	11875-093
HEPES (1M)	Gibco	15630-080
MEM-NEAA (100x)	Gibco	11140-050
Phosphate Buffered Saline (10x)	Lifetechnologies (Corning)	46-013-CM
MACS CD45R (B220) microbeads	Miltenyi Biotec	130-049-501
MACS purification column	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-401
IL-4	PeproTech	214-14	Reconstitute in water or 0.1% BSA
Formalin Solution, Neutral Buffered, 10%	Sigma Aldrich	HT501128-4L
Trypsin-EDTA Solution (10x)	Sigma Aldrich	T4174-100 ml	5.0 g Trypsin, 2.0 g EDTA•4 Na per Liter of 0.9% NaCl
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Sigma Aldrich	P0781-100 ml	10,000 U Penicillin; 10 mg/ml Streptomycin (100x)
L-Glutamine 200 mM	Sigma Aldrich	G7513
2-mercaptoethanol (99%)	Sigma Aldrich	M6250-100 ml
Red cell lysis buffer	Sigma Aldrich	R7757
Rat Anti-Mouse IgM RPE/Cy7	SouthernBiotech	1140-17	clone 1B4B1
HyClone Fetal Calf Serum	Thermo	SH30910.03
B cell Stimulation media			B cell stimulation media consists of RPMI with fetal calf serum (15%), 20 mM HEPES, 1x MEM-NEAA, 2.0 mM L-glutamine,  1x Penicillin-Streptomycin (Penicillin: 100 U/ml, Streptomycin: 100 µg/ml), Beta-mercaptoethanol (7 µL/L), IL-4 (20 ng/ml), and anti-CD40 (1 µg/ml)