In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish

Summary

Described here is a method for utilizing zebrafish embryos to study the ability of functionalized nanoparticles to target human cancer cells in vivo. This method allows for the evaluation and selection of optimal nanoparticles for future testing in large animals and in clinical trials.

Abstract

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal models are required for bridging the nanotechnology to its biomedical application. The mouse represents the traditional animal model for preclinical testing; however, mice are relatively expensive to keep and have long experimental cycles due to the limited progeny from each mother. The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system for developmental and biomedical research, including cancer research. In particular, due to its optical transparency and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are well suited for real-time in vivo monitoring of the behavior of cancer cells and their interactions with their microenvironment. This method was developed to sequentially introduce human cancer cells and functionalized nanoparticles in transparent Casper zebrafish embryos and monitor in vivo recognition and targeting of the cancer cells by nanoparticles in real time. This optimized protocol shows that fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, which are functionalized with folate groups, can specifically recognize and target metastatic human cervical epithelial cancer cells labeled with a different fluorochrome. The recognition and targeting process can occur as early as 30 min postinjection of the nanoparticles tested. The whole experiment only requires the breeding of a few pairs of adult fish and takes less than 4 days to complete. Moreover, zebrafish embryos lack a functional adaptive immune system, allowing the engraftment of a wide range of human cancer cells. Hence, the utility of the protocol described here enables the testing of nanoparticles on various types of human cancer cells, facilitating the selection of optimal nanoparticles in each specific cancer context for future testing in mammals and the clinic.

Introduction

The development of nanoparticles that are capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest to both physicists and biomedical researchers. The emergence of nanomedicine led to the development of several nanoparticles, such as those conjugated with targeting ligands and/or chemotherapeutic drugs^1,2,3. The added properties of nanoparticles enable their interaction with the biological system, sensing and monitoring biological events with high efficiency and accuracy along with therapeutic applications. Gold and iron oxide nanoparticles are primari....

Protocol

All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Boston University School of Medicine under the protocol #: PROTO201800543.

1. Generation of Casper zebrafish embryos

1. Choose adult Casper fish that are at least 3 months of age for natural breeding to generate transparent Casper zebrafish embryos.
2. Fill two-chamber mating tanks with fish water in the evening, separate the upper tanks using dividers, place one male fish into one side of the chamber and one or two female fish into the other side of the chamber, and leave the fish separated overnight ....

Results

The protocol schematic in Figure 1 illustrates the overall procedures for this study. Transparent Casper male and female adult fish were bred to generate embryos (section 1). RFP+ HeLa cells were injected into the vascularized area under the perivitelline cavity of the zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf, with uninjected embryos as controls (section 3). For individuals experienced in microinjection, the survival rate of embryos is often high, with at least 5.......

Discussion

The protocol described here utilizes the zebrafish as an in vivo system to test the ability of nanoparticles to recognize and target metastatic human cancer cells. Several factors can impact the successful execution of the experiments. First, embryos need to be fully developed at 48 hpf. The correct developmental stage of the embryos enables them to endure and survive the transplantation of human cancer cells. Embryos younger than 48 hpf have a significantly lower survival rate compared to older and more developed embryo.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Agarose	KSE scientific	BMK-A1705
Borosilicate glass capillaries	World Precision Instruments	1.0 mm O.D. x 0,78 mm
Computer and monitor	ThinkCentre	X000335
DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)	Corning	10-013-CV	sold by Fisher
Fetal Bovine Serum	Sigma-Aldrich	F0926
Fish incubator	VWR	35960-056
Hemocytometer	Fishersci brand	02-671-51B
Magnetic stand	World Precision Instruments	M10
Microloader tip	Eppendorf	E5242956003	sold by Fisher
Micromanipulator	Applied Scientific Instrumentation	MMPI-3
Needle Puller	Sutter instruments	P-97
Olympus MVX-10 fluorescent microscope	Olympus	MVX-10
P200 tip	Fishersci brand	07-200-293
PBS (Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Salt Solution 1X)	Corning	21-030-CV	sold by Fisher
Petri dish	Corning	SB93102	sold by Fisher
Plastic pipette	Fishersci brand	50-998-100
pLenti6.2_miRFP670	Addgene	13726
Pneumatic pico pump	World Precision Instruments	SYSPV820
Pronase	Roche-Sigma-Fisher	50-100-3275	Roche product made by Sigma- sold by Fisher
Razor blade	Fishersci brand	12-640
SZ51 dissection microscope	Olympus	SZ51
Tricaine methanesulfonate	Western Chemicals	NC0872873	sold by Fisher
Trypsin-EDTA	Corning	MT25053CI	sold by Fisher
Tweezer	Fishersci brand	12-000-122